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OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF    ILLINOIS 

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ILLINOIS 


PROGRESS 


1921-1928 


LEN  SMALL,  Governor 


LEN  SMALL,  Governor 

1921-1928 


THE  ,  BRAR 

OF  THE 
fERSITf  OF  ILLINOIS 


ILLINOIS 


PROGRESS 


1921-1928 


LEN  SMALL,  Governor 


Schnepp  &  Barnes,  Printers 

Springfield,  111. 

1928 


[Printed  by  authority  of  the  State  of  Illinois.] 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Page 

Biography  of  Governor  Len  Small 3 

Executive  Department 5 

Department  of  Finance 8 

Department  of  Agriculture 15 

Department  of  Labor 71 

Department  of  Mines  and  Minerals 95 

Department  of  Public  Works  and  Buildings 105 

Department  of  Welfare 152 

Department  of  Public  Health 188 

Department  of  Trade  and  Commerce 202 

Department  of  Registration  and  Education 232 

Department  of  Purchases  and  Construction 259 

Department  of  Conservation 311 

Military  and  Naval  Department 348 

Commissions    369 


066360 


Biography 


GOVERNOR  LEN  SMALL  of  Kankakee  was  first 
elected  in  1920  by  the  greatest  majority  ever  given 
a  gubernatorial  candidate,  and  re-elected  in  1924  by 
a  similar  majority.  He  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Kan- 
kakee July  16,  1862,  the  son  of  Dr.  A.  L.  Small,  well- 
known  physician  of  Kankakee  County,  and  Calista 
Currier  Small.  He  has  resided  in  Kankakee  County  all 
of  his  life;  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  and  normal 
and  business  college.  He  was  married  in  1883  to  Ida 
Moore,  who  died  June  26,  1922.  He  has  three  children, 
Budd  L.  Small,  who  is  in  charge  of  the  Governor's  farm 
at  Kankakee;  Leslie  C.  Small,  managing  editor  of  the 
Kankakee  Daily  Republican ;  and  Mrs.  A.  E.  Inglesh. 

He  early  became  interested  in  farming,  and  with  the 
proceeds  earned  teaching  school,  made  his  first  purchase 
of  land.  From  this  beginning  was  built  up  the  large  and 
modern  farm  which  he  now  operates.  In  addition  to  his 
interest  in  farming  and  stock  raising,  Governor  Small  is 
president  of  the  First  Trust  &  Savings  Bank  of  Kanka- 
kee. He  has  led  in  the  development  of  the  Kankakee 
Inter-State  Fair,  at  Kankakee,  and  the  Illinois  State  Fair 
at  Springfield,  now  admitted  to  be  two  of  the  leading 
agricultural  fairs  in  the  country. 

Governor  Small's  record  of  public  service  extends 
over  a  large  portion  of  the  past  35  years.  In  1895,  he 
was  elected  supervisor  of  Kankakee  County  and  the  fol- 
lowing year,  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court.  He  was  appoint- 
ed member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Kankakee 
State  Hospital  by  Governor  John  R.  Tanner,  and  for  8 
years  was  president  of  that  board.  He  served  one  term 
as  State  senator  and  in  1904  was  elected  State  treasurer. 
In  1910  he  was  appointed  by  President  Taft  as  Assistant 
United  States  Treasurer  in  charge  of  the  sub-treasury 
in  Chicago.     He  again  served  the  State  as  treasurer  in 


191?  and  1918,  and  at  the  end  of  his  term,  returned  to  the 
State  in  interest  earned  on  State  funds,  the  largest  amount 
ever  turned  in  on  State  funds  by  any  State  treasurer  up 
to  that  time. 

His  veto  of  appropriations  made  by  the  various 
sessions  of  the  Legislature,  and  the  economy  practiced  by 
the  Code  departments  under  his  direction  and  guidance, 
have  saved  to  the  State  of  Illinois  a  sum  probably  greater 
than  that  saved  by  all  the  Governors  in  the  history  of 
Illinois. 

Governor  Small  is  the  third  Illinois  chief  executive 
to  succeed  himself  in  office.  A  prominent  plank  in  his 
1920  platform  was  "good  roads."  In  the  year  1921,  his 
first  year  in  office,  414  miles  of  paved  roads  were  built, 
which  was  more  than  had  ever  been  built  in  Illinois  in 
one  year.  This  record  of  construction  was  bettered  in 
each  succeeding  year  and  in  1924  the  worlds'  record 
for  road-building  by  one  state  in  one  year  was  shattered, 
when  Illinois  built  1,230  miles  of  pavement. 

In  his  campaign  for  re-election  in  1924,  Gov- 
ernor Small  advocated  the  issuance  of  an  additional 
$100,000,000  bond  issue  for  the  extension  of  Illinois' 
hard  road  system,  principal  and  interest  of  these  bonds, 
like  the  original  $60,000,000  bond  issue  authorized  in 
1918,  to  be  paid  by  automobile  license  fees,  without  direct 
taxation.  This  bond  issue  was  ratified  by  the  people,  and 
from  its  proceeds  additional  roads  have  been  built,  until 
today  Illinois  leads  the  World  in  road-building,  and  its 
7,000  miles  of  completed  concrete  pavement  exceed  the 
mileage  of  any  other  state  in  the  Union. 


State  of  Illinois 

Len  Small,  Governor 

THE  GOVERNOR  is  the  head  of  the  executive 
branch  of  the  State  government  and  upon  him  de- 
volves the  duty  of  correlating  departmental  activi- 
ties, planning  constructive  work  and  devising  means  by 
which  the  State  may  serve  the  people.  During  the  past  8 
years,  Governor  Small  has  kept  in  close  personal  touch 
with  the  men  appointed  by  him  to  carry  on  the  business 
of  the  State  through  its  various  Code  departments. 

The  construction  of  more  than  7,000  miles  of  con- 
crete paved  roads,  the  building  of  the  Illinois  Lakes-to- 
the  Gulf  Waterway,  the  humane  and  economical  opera- 
tion of  the  26  great  public  welfare  institutions,  the  care 
and  maintenance  of  the  States'  dependents,  numbering 
more  than  35,000,  the  prevention  of  diseases  and  epi- 
demics through  the  Department  of  Public  Health,  the 
eradication  of  bovine  tuberculosis  and  the  control  of  plant 
diseases  by  the  Department  of  x^Vgriculture,  the  manage- 
ment and  upbuilding  of  the  Illinois  State  Fair,  now 
admittedly  the  outstanding  agricultural  fair  of  this 
country — all  of  these  and  many  other  achievements  of  the 
State  government  during  the  past  8  years,  have  been 
made  possible  only  through  the  whole-hearted  cooperation 
and  personal  guidance  of  Governor  Small.  The  business 
of  the  State  is  conducted  through  eleven  Code  depart- 
ments, the  directors  of  which  are  appointed  by  the  Gov- 
ernor, and  they  are  responsible  to  him  for  the  manage- 
ment of  their  departments. 

Not  a  small  task  devolving  upon  the  Governor,  and 
one  of  far-reaching  importance,  is  the  consideration  of 
the  thousands  of  appeals  for  executive  clemency  which 
are  directed  to  him.  It  is  not  difficult  to  understand  what 
a  burden  must  rest  upon  the  shoulders  of  a  man  who  by 
a  mere  stroke  of  the  pen  may  save  a  condemned  prisoner 


6  ILLINOIS 

from  death.  Yet,  during  Governor  Small's  administra- 
tion, although  justice  has  been  tempered  with  mercy,  the 
interests  of  the  individual  have  not  been  allowed  to  over- 
shadow the  interests  of  society  as  a  whole. 

Many  other  routine  duties  are  prescribed  by  law  for 
the  Executive.  The  appointment  of  all  commissions  and 
of  all  officers  under  the  Civil  Administrative  Code,  not 
elected,  is  made  by  the  Governor.  He  may  appoint 
judges  of  courts  when  vacancies  occur  and  the  unexpired 
term  is  less  than  a  year.  In  case  the  unexpired  term  is 
for  more  than  a  year  it  is  his  duty  to  call  a  special  elec- 
tion to  fill  the  vacancy.  The  appointment  of  United  States 
senators,  in  case  of  vacancy,  is  also  vested  in  the 
Governor. 

One  of  the  Governor's  tasks,  and  one  of  great 
responsibility,  is  the  approval  or  veto  of  all  legislation 
enacted  by  the  General  Assembly.  It  is  his  duty  to 
recommend  to  the  Legislature  the  enactment  of  laws 
needed  for  the  progress  of  the  State.  Governor  Small 
was  the  sponsor  of  the  $100,000,000  road  bond  issue 
which  has  made  possible  the  expansion  of  Illinois'  road 
building  program.  He  has  also  recommended  legislation 
for  the  equalization  of  taxes,  and  through  his  efforts 
legislation  has  been  enacted  which  promises  to  bring 
much-needed  relief. 

As  commander-in-chief  of  the  Illinois  National 
Guard,  Governor  Small  has  on  several  occasions  called 
out  units  of  that  body  when  it  was  deemed  necessary  for 
the  peace  and  security  of  the  State. 

Governor  Small's  administration  of  State  affairs  has 
been  humane,  and  has  been  brought  into  close  touch  with 
all  of  the  people,  so  that  all  have  enjoyed  its  advantages 
and  benefits.  In  short,  during  the  past  8  years,  Illinois 
has  met  and  fulfilled  its  obligations  to  its  people.  In 
times  of  storm  and  flood,  as  in  other  crises,  our  State  has 
shown  a  commendable  spirit  of  helpfulness,  and  has 
brought  aid  to  the  wounded,  comfort  to  the  homeless,  and 
the  restoration  of  confidence  to  the  community. 


PROGRESS 


STATE   HOUSE,    SPRINGFIELD 
Completed   in    1888 


O  ILLINOIS 

The  Department 
of  Finance 

Albert  C.  Bollinger,  Director 

W.  D.  Hardy,  Assistant  Director 

Col.  A.  E.  Inglesh,  Administrative  Auditor 

THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  FINANCE  is  the  clearing 
house  for  all  financial  transactions  of  the  Civil  Ad- 
ministrative Code.  All  requisitions  issued  must  be 
approved,  and  all  vouchers  checked  and  audited  under  the 
supervision  of  the  Administrative  Auditor.  The  com- 
plete powers  as  given  by  the  Civil  Administrative  Code 
to  the  Department  of  Finance  are  herewith  quoted : 

1.  To  prescribe  and  require  the  installation  of  a  uni- 
form system  of  bookkeeping,  accounting  and  reporting 
for  the  several  departments ; 

2.  To  prescribe  forms  for  accounts  and  financial 
reports  and  statements  for  the  several  departments ; 

3.  To  -supervise  and  examine  the  accounts  and  ex- 
penditures of  the  several  departments; 

4.  To  examine,  at  any  and  all  times,  into  the  ac- 
curacy and  legality  of  the  accounts,  receipts  and  expendi- 
tures of  the  public  moneys  and  the  disposition  and  use  of 
the  public  property  by  the  several  departments ; 

5.  To  keep  such  summary  and  controlling  accounts 
as  may  be  necessary  to  determine  the  accuracy  of  the  de- 
tail accounts  and  reports  from  the  several  departments, 
and  to  prescribe  the  manner  and  method  of  certifying  that 
funds  are  available  and  adequate  to  meet  all  contracts 
and  obligations ; 

6.  To  prescribe  uniform  rules  governing  specifica- 
tions for  purchases  of  supplies,  the  advertisement  for 
proposals,  the  opening  of  bids  and  the  making  of  awards, 
to  keep  a  catalogue  of  prices  current  and  to  analyze  and 
tabulate  prices  paid  and  quantities  purchased ; 


PROGRESS  9 

7.  To  examine,  at  any  and  all  times,  the  accounts  of 
every  private  corporation,  institution,  association  or 
board  receiving  appropriations  from  the  General  As- 
sembly ; 

8.  To  report  to  the  Attorney  General  for  such  ac- 
tion, civil  or  criminal,  as  the  Attorney  General  may  deem 
necessary,  all  facts  showing  illegal  expenditures  of  the 
public  money  or  misappropriation  of  the  public  property ; 

9.  To  examine  and  approve,  or  disapprove,  vouch- 
ers, bills  and  claims  of  the  several  departments,  and  such 
as  are  by  law  made  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Gov- 
ernor and  referred  to  it  by  the  Governor,  and  no  voucher, 
bill  or  claim  of  any  department  shall  be  allowed  without 
its  approval  and  certificate  ; 

10.  To  prescribe  the  form  of  receipt,  voucher,  bill 
or  claim  to  be  filed  by  the  several  departments  with  it ; 

11.  In  settling  the  accounts  of  the  several  depart- 
ments, to  inquire  into  and  make  an  inspection  of  articles 
and  materials  furnished  or  work  and  labor  performed, 
for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  that  the  prices,  quality  and 
amount  of  such  articles  or  labor  are  fair,  just  and  reason- 
able, and  that  all  the  requirements,  express  and  implied, 
pertaining  thereto  have  been  complied  with,  and  to  reject 
and  disallow  any  excess  ; 

12.  To  prepare  and  report  to  the  Governor,  when 
requested,  estimates  of  the  income  and  revenues  of  the 
State ; 

13.  To  prepare  and  submit  to  the  Governor  bien- 
nially, not  later  than  the  first  day  of  January  preceding 
the  convening  of  the  General  Assembly,  a  State  budget ; 

14.  To  publish,  from  time  to  time,  for  the  informa- 
tion of  the  several  departments  and  of  the  general  public, 
bulletins  of  the  work  of  the  government ; 

15.  To  investigate  duplication  of  work  of  depart- 
ments and  the  efficiency  of  the  organization  and  adminis- 
tration of  departments,  and  to  formulate  plans  for  the 
better  coordination  of  departments. 


10  ILLINOIS 

During  the  past  eight  years  the  activities  of  the 
Finance  Department  have  been  materially  increased. 

The  additional  duties  consist  in  the  main  in  the 
added  work  required  to  handle  the  accounts  of  the  High- 
way building  program,  the  Waterway  program,  the  re- 
habilitation of  State  institutions,  and  the  Motor  Fuel  Tax 
Law — all  these  made  a  great  expansion  of  work  to  be 
performed  by  the  Department. 

MOTOR  FUEL  TAX 

The  administration  of  the  Motor  Fuel  Tax  Law, 
commonly  known  as  the  Gasoline  Tax  law  was  commit- 
ted to  the  Finance  Department  by  the  General  Assembly 
and  became  effective  August  1st,  1927. 

This  law  provided  for  a  tax  of  two  cents  on  each 
gallon  of  gasoline  sold  by  the  distributor  and  was  to  be 
remitted  by  him  to  the  State  once  each  month.  The  law 
also  provided  that  the  money  paid  in  tax  upon  gasoline 
used  for  any  purpose  other  than  the  propelling  of  vehicles 
upon  the  public  highways  was  to  be  refunded  to  the  con- 
cumer  upon  application  to  the  Department. 

The  law  further  provided  that  the  funds  so  collected 
should  be  distributed  each  year,  one-half  to  the  Road 
Fund  in  the  State  treasury  for  highway  building,  and  the 
remainder  to  be  distributed  to  the  several  counties  of  the 
State  in  proportion  to  the  motor  license  fees  paid  by  them, 
and  to  be  used  also  for  highway  purposes. 

The  forms,  and  systems  of  accounting  used  in  the 
many  states*  having  a  similar  tax  were  procured,  and 
after  many  conferences  with  the  committee  named  by  the 
gasoline  dealers,  a  complete  set  of  report  and  office  forms 
was  drafted. 

An  appropriation  for  this  Division  was  provided,  but 
because  of  the  attack  made  upon  the  law  at  that  time,  it 
was  not  used. 


*  All  the  states  of  the  Union  excepting  New  York,  New  Jersey 
and  Illinois  have  a  Gas  Tax. 


PROGRESS  11 

It  is  unfortunate  that  the  law  was  declared  uncon- 
stitutional, as  the  funds  collected  would  be  of  the  greatest 
service  to  both  the  State,  and  the  counties  in  carrying  on 
the  important  road  and  bridge  improvement  work,  par- 
ticularly in  connecting  all  communities  not  on  a  bond 
issue  road. 

During  the  five  months  that  the  law  was  effective 
more  than  six  millions  of  dollars  were  collected,  and 
fifteen  thousand  individual  claims  totalling  close  to 
$200,000  were  received  and  adjusted. 

Increase  in  State  Business 

The  volume  of  business  transacted  during  the  last 
eight  years  has  grown  to  large  proportions  as  shown  by 
the  following  table : 

Year  Vouchers  Expenditures 

1920    89,381  $  33,739,334 

1921  106,382  37,551,712 

1922  109,029  39,616,372 

1923  119,844  52,231,168 

1924  145,213  85,732,112 

1925  175,002  76,535,294 

1926  144,148  46,198,673 

1927  179,183  50,906,537 


1,068,182  $422,511,202 

At  the  very  beginning  of  the  present  administration 
the  Administrative  Auditor  inaugurated  the  policy  of 
promptly  auditing  all  invoices  that  were  subject  to  dis- 
count, thereby  saving  large  sums  for  the  State  in  dis- 
counts. How  effective  this  policy  has  been  is  revealed 
by  the  following  table  showing  discounts  taken  from 
purchases  made  by  the  State: 

Year  Discounts  Year  Discounts 

1921 .$160,169.00  1925 $  310,627.84 

1922 250,100.05  1926 131,377.70 

1923 295,047.09  1927 225,680.42 

1924 337,227.58  1928 271,128.82 


$1,981,358.50 


12  ILLINOIS 

When  one  considers  the  total  amount  of  all  the  ap- 
propriations and  the  number  of  accounts  involved  in  the 
distribution  of  the  same,  it  can  well  be  said  that  of  all  the 
State  administrations  none  have  made  such  a  record  as 
the  present  one  in  keeping  expenditures  within  allotted 
appropriations.  There  has  been  no  large  deficiency  asked 
from  the  Legislature  during  the  last  seven  and  one-half 
years.  This  is  unprecedented  in  the  history  of  past 
administrations  and  will  reflect  for  all  time  to  come  the 
constant  and  watchful  care  of  those  officials  whose  duty 
it  is  to  scan  the  requisitions  and  vouchers  that  are  pre- 
sented for  payment.  To  add  further  to  this  record  there 
was  during  this  administration  $16,737,720  returned  to 
the  Treasury  in  unexpended  balances. 

The  Department  of  Finance  also  prepares  the  bien- 
nial budget  for  presentation  to  the  Governor.  This  of 
course  applies  not  only  to  the  Civil  Administrative  Code 
departments,  but  to  all  elective  officers  as  well.  This  work 
entails  a  study  of  all  appropriations  for  every  purpose, 
also  a  study  of  the  State's  financial  resources,  as  well  as 
the  State  tax  levies  for  general  revenue.  Much  time  is 
consumed  in  hearings  with  directors  and  heads  of  divi- 
sions. Comparisons  must  be  made  with  past  appropria- 
tions and  expenditures;  salaries  of  all  officials  and  em- 
ployees are  reviewed;  and  the  details  of  all  expenses  for 
every  purpose  must  be  carefully  considered  in  a  new 
budget. 

The  Department  of  Finance  also  prepares  the  annual 
reports  of  all  the  departments  under  the  Civil  Administra- 
tive Code.  This  makes  a  large  volume,  and  is  filled  with 
information  of  vital  importance  to  all  who  are  interested 
in  State  affairs.  These  reports  are  requested  from  far 
and  wide  by  states,  universities,  libraries,  civic  bodies, 
and  the  Federal  Government,  where  they  are  kept  on  file. 

TWO  GENERAL  DIVISIONS 

The  Department  may  be  divided  into  two  general 
divisions  in  process  of  the  daily  operations  of  the  office. 


PROGRESS  13 

First,  the  division  where  the  requisitions  are  passed  upon 
and  the  vouchers  checked  and  verified,  and  second,  the 
bookkeeping  division,  where  all  the  accounts  are  charged 
with  their  daily  expenditures.  The  accuracy  of  this  work 
is  made  as  nearly  perfect  as  bookkeeping  can  be  made, 
since  it  must  agree  with  the  books  of  the  Auditor  of  Pub- 
lic Accounts  and  State  Treasurer  in  final  comparisons, 
and  all  must  balance  to  the  last  penny. 

TAX  COMMISSION 

The  Tax  Commission  was  created  by  an  Act  of  the 
Fifty-first  General  Assembly  to  supersede  the  State  Board 
of  Equalization,  and  was  approved  June  19,  1919. 

All  the  powers  and  duties  imposed  upon  the  State 
Board  of  Equalization  and  upon  the  Auditor  of  Public 
Accounts,  in  relation  to  the  assessment  of  property  for 
taxation,  were  transferred  to,  and  were  to  be  exercised 
and  reformed  by,  the  Tax  Commission.  For  the  purposes 
of  administration  only,  the  Tax  Commission  is  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  Department  of  Finance,  requiring  the 
signature  of  the  Director  of  Finance  and  the  seal  of  that 
Department  to  verify  its  legal  documents  when  such  are 
offered  as  evidence  in  the  Courts. 

Almost  the  entire  period  since  its  creation  has  been 
confined  to  the  present  administration.  The  work  per- 
formed by  the  Commission  covers  a  vast  amount  of  detail 
when  applied  to  all  the  property  in  a  great  State  like 
Illinois,  and  much  depends  upon  both  the  ability  and  judg- 
ment of  the  members  of  the  Commission  in  adjusting 
valuations  and  equalizing  assessments.  That  this  work 
has  been  effectively  done  is  the  universal  verdict  of  the 
public  in  general. 

For  the  purposes  of  taxation,  property  assessments 
were  equalized  on  a  basis  of  one-half  value  up  to  and  in- 
cluding the  year  1926.  The  last  General  Assembly,  the 
Fifty-fifth,  changed  the  basis  of  taxation  to  the  full  value 
of  assessed  property,  and  likewise  changed  the  rate  to  con- 


14  ILLINOIS 

form  to  the  increased  value,  lowering  it  in  like  propor- 
tion. The  assessments  as  equalized  by  the  Commission 
are  herewith  given  for  the  years  1920  to  1928,  and  also 
the  State  tax  rate  as  fixed  for  each  year  covering  the 
period  named: 

Year      Assessed  valuation  Year        Assessed  valuation 

1920 $4,234,951,430  1924 $4,081,878,149 

1921 4,201,674,685  1925 4,194,760,417 

1922 4,000,497,373  1926 4,195,581,136 

1923 4,090,509,504  1927 8,762,051,780 

In  his  first  message  to  the  General  Assembly,  Gover- 
nor Small  called  attention  to  the  necessity  of  immediate 
amendment  of  our  revenue  laws,  so  that  a  more  just  and 
equitable  assessment  of  property  might  be  had,  and  with 
that  end  in  view,  directed  the  Tax  Commission  to  use  its 
broad  and  comprehensive  powers  given  under  the  law  for 
the  purpose  of  relieving  tax  burdens  where  possible. 

At  the  suggestion  of  Chairman  W.  H.  Malone,  be- 
cause of  many  unequal  assessments  of  property  made 
in  Cook  County  by  the  assessors,  the  last  extra  session 
of  the  General  Assembly  verified  the  authority  imposed 
by  the  Act  creating  the  Tax  Commission  giving  them 
the  Authority  to  require  new  assessments  of  property 
where  discrepancies  appeared.  This  Act  on  the  part  of 
the  Tax  Commission  and  its  Chairman,  in  the  interest  of 
taxpayers,  is  a  credit  both  to  themselves,  and  to  the  ad- 
ministration of  which  they  are  a  part,  and  will  be  far- 
reaching  in  the  future  in  the  assessment  of  all  property. 


PROGRESS  15 


The  Department  of 
Agriculture 

Stillman  J.  Stanard,  Director 
E.  D.  Turner,  Assistant  Director 

WHEN  ONE  state  of  all  the  forty-eight  that  form 
the  Union  does  more  for  the  advancement  of  the 
farming  industry  than  any  other,  such  action  justi- 
fies a  patriotic  pride  of  citizenship  in  that  progressive 
state.  Illinois  lists  that  attainment  among  the  achieve- 
ments of  State  government  within  the  past  few  years. 
The  Department  of  Agriculture  of  the  State  of  Illinois 
has  been  increased  and  expanded  in  the  scope  of  service 
placed  upon  it  until  it  is  today  the  greatest  State  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  in  the  United  States. 

The  citizens  of  Illinois  have  brought  about  this 
growth.  Through  constructive  legislation,  enacted  by 
the  General  Assembly,  the  public  repeatedly  reposed  its 
confidence  in  this  Department.  The  Legislature  has  en- 
acted measures  that,  with  executive  approval,  enabled 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  to  render  greater  service 
during  each  year  of  its  recent  history. 

In  keeping  with  the  policy  of  economy,  evident  in 
all  branches  of  public  service  under  the  administration  of 
Governor  Small,  the  Department  of  Agriculture  has  not 
sought  any  increase  in  the  total  of  appropriations.  It  has, 
however,  increased  the  volume  of  its  service,  and  is  ac- 
complishing more  per  dollar  spent  today  than  it  ever 
has  before. 

To  outline  and  define  the  duties  assigned  to  this 
branch  of  State  government  would  be  almost  an  endless 
task.  To  mention  only  briefly  a  representative  group  of 
the  activities  underway  in  each  of  the  nine  Divisions 
through  which  the  Department  functions,  and  some  that 


16  ILLINOIS 

the  laws  have  delegated  to  the  Department,  and  to  the 
cabinet  member  who  directs  the  service,  is  all  that  can 
be  attempted  in  the  pages  that  follow. 

Farming  is,  always  has  been,  and  always  will  be 
subject  to  many  disadvantages.  Livestock  suffers  from 
disease.  Plants  are  prey  to  blights  and  insects.  These  ills 
must  be  combated  if  the  farmer  is  to  prosper.  The  prod- 
uct of  the  farms,  when  marketed,  provides  the  sustenance 
of  an  increasing  urban  population.  Unless  it  goes  to  the 
consumer  pure  and  wholesome,  and  is  handled  in  a  sani- 
tary manner,  the  consumer,  and  ultimately  the  producer 
too,  will  suffer. 

There  are  concerns  and  individuals  that  would,  if 
uninformed  or  unrestrained,  misrepresent  the  products  of 
the  farmers'  toil,  to  the  detriment  of  all  concerned. 

To  improve  conditions  in  the  State  of  Illinois  in 
general — in  cities  as  well  as  on  the  farms — the  Illinois 
Department  of  Agriculture  carries  on  extensive  service  to 
promote  quality  production  and  to  regulate  conversion  and 
the  distribution  of  the  varied  products  of  the  farms. 

A  general  idea  of  the  way  this  work  is  carried  on, 
and  how  it  has  improved  during  the  present  administra- 
tion, will  be  conveyed  and  illustrated  herewith : 

DIVISION  OF  FOODS  AND  DAIRIES 

Walter  R.  Kimzey,  Superintendent 

To  guard  the  food  supply  of  Illinois  against  impurity, 
unwholesomeness,  adulteration  and  misrepresentation  is 
a  part  of  the  gigantic  task  assigned  to  the  Division  of 
Foods  and  Dairies.  To  see  that  dairy  products  are  col- 
lected and  distributed  under  sanitary  conditions  and  that 
the  quality  is  up  to  standard,  is  another  portion  of  its 
work.  In  addition,  many  commodities  that  are  foreign 
to  the  human  diet  are  subjected  to  State  regulations 
through  this  service. 

This  work  is  carried  on  under  two  distinctive  yet  re- 
lated methods  of  procedure — promotional  service,  to  in- 


PROGRESS 


17 


Meriting   confidence    and    gaining    cooperation    of    food    dealers- 
inspectors'  first  duty 


duce  the  public  to  conduct  its  food  and  dairy  business 
properly,  and  regulatory,  to  compel,  when  necessary, 
obedience  to  requirements  of  the  law.  Of  the  two  forms 
of  procedure,  in  this  as  in  all  other  classes  of  the  service 
that  have  regulatory  powers,  the  policy  is  to  educate 
the  public  into  conformity  with  the  statues  rather  than 
to  force  obedience  through  civil  courts.  The  latter 
method,  unfortunately,  is  sometimes  necessary. 

Chicago,  the  greatest  food  distribution  center  in  the 
world,  is  the  headquarters  of  this  branch  of  State  service. 
There,  at  the  source,  a  staff  of  trained  investigators  in- 
spects the  food  that  moves  to  points  throughout  the  State. 
And,  in  downstate  counties,  another  force  of  able  men 
finds  out  what  kinds  of  foods  are  offered.  They  require 
cleanliness  where  food  is  handled.  They  take  samples, 
and  at  two  laboratories  chemists  pass  upon  the  legality 
of  foods  and  drinks  the  samples  represent. 


18 


ILLINOIS 


Food   exposed   to  dust  and  flies  and  filth   draws   a   courteous  re- 
quest  to   correct 


tf    i»l^a 


Food   suspected  of   unwholesomeness   is   bought  and   used  as 
samples  for  laboratory  analysis 


PROGRESS 


19 


One  sample,  sealed,  goes  to  the  laboratory ;  another,  like  it,  is 
held   by   the   dealer 


Skilled  chemists  test  food  samples  for  adulterants,  impurities 
or  misrepresentation 


20 


ILLINOIS 


Violators  are  given  private,   unembarassing   hearings  before  offi- 
cials  first 


Repeated  violations  call  for  court  proceedings,  convictions  and 

fines 


PROGRESS  21 

At  Springfield,  a  food  laboratory  has  been  added  to 
the  facilities  of  the  Division,  during  the  present  adminis- 
tration. It  makes  tests  of  supplies  used  at  the  State  in- 
stitutions, and  analyzes  feeding  stuffs,  commercial  fertil- 
izers, paints,  oils  and  many  other  articles  of  commerce, 
and  serves  to  regulate  the  cream-buying  business  of  the 
State  by  examining  and  licensing  cream  testers  and  check- 
ing their  analysis  of  cream.  Examinations  are  also  held 
at  various  points  throughout  the  State. 

Sixteen  distinct  laws  and  many  departmental  regu- 
lations are  administered  by  the  Foods  and  Dairies  Division 
forces.  Records  of  each  employee's  performance  are 
compiled,  as  the  result  of  a  rule  recently  promulgated  by 
the  Director  of  the  Department.  From  statistics  that 
record  their  work,  it  is  noted  that  this  service  has  in- 
creased about  1,000  inspections  per  man  per  year,  within 
the  past  three  years.  Similar  evidence  of  consistent,  well 
directed  efforts,  also  exists  in  the  analytical  and  other 
branches  of  the  service. 

DIVISION  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY 

D.  W.  Robison,  Superintendent 
Dr.  F.  A.  Laird,  Chief  Veterinarian 

This  branch  of  the  Department's  service  is  for  the 
advancement  of  the  livestock  industry.  It  tends  to  pre- 
vent disease  among  domestic  animals  and  fowls.  As  such 
a  service,  it  conserves  an  important  asset  of  the  State. 

Livestock  disease  control  and  prevention  calls  into 
service  the  veterinary  science;  members  of  that  profes- 
sion, in  Illinois,  gain  accreditation  and  approval  at  the 
hands  of  officials  in  this  Division. 

Livestock  diseases,  roughly  speaking,  are  either  com- 
mon ailments  or  come  under  the  class  of  occasional  out- 
breaks that,  unrestrained,  would  become  widespread  epi- 
demics and  cause  serious  losses.  This  service  deals  with 
both  general  classifications. 


22  ILLINOIS 


The  Illinois  Bovine 

TUBERCULOSIS  WAR  MAP 

STATE  OF  ILLINOIS 

LEN  SMALL,  Governor 

OFF  1 R  THES  7  OF   \  UlUCt  L  Tl  HE 
STILLMAN  .?.  STANARD.  Director 
K.  I).  tVRNKR,    1**7.  Director 

MYISIOS  OF  AXlXlAL  LXDISTKY 
D.  \\.  ROBiSON  Dr.  F.  A.  LAIRD, 

Superintendent.  State  Sanatory 

I cterinarg  Inspector 

"The  eradication  of  bovine  tuberculosis  in  Illinois  is  of 
sufficient  importance  to  engage  the  thought  and  attention 
of  every  citizen  of  the  state." 


Gm-rrttur  of  tin-  Staff  of  ltlin<»> 


'The  continuation  of  the  splendid  cooperation  this  de- 
partment of  state  government  is  now  receiving  from  the 
counties,  veterinarians,  cattlemen,  agricultural  organiza- 
tions and  the  press,  will  result  in  the  practical  elimination 
of  tuberculosis  from  the  herds  of  Illinois." 


/%^d^t,:y&^> 


Dinrtor  <\f  Affrieulture 


i>:<;!  \D 


mirth-  .>|»t;iI)(.«'  im.irr  ific  an -a  j>h.n  a>r«-"  «l<-ijiiutl»«i  I/n   a(]i\i«j£  a  r<->\ 
*|uatv  >tj«k<-r.  thii« ' 


Coitlitit-  .-.•rlififfi  a»  ha\hi«  T.V^,  ,,»'  all  li«-r.|>  ..f  hm«,iin<r  ami  .lain  <alll«' 
|ir..H(*Hiir.-il  I.  15,  Irr, 'an-  <l<-i»na».<i  U\  i\u- mMUUm »( n  him- *<;»!. .    . 

{:oiiiili.-a<vc<<Iif.laNluniM»alN.<T<)-  .»!'  I»r.« -fit*-  ami  «iairx  raltfr  l«**l<il 
a.i.I  !>.-.■  frt>m  hilnr<-iilf»k  a.v  <l«-.i<*tw»«-<J  U\  ll|.-a.Mili<»n  of  aj*»M  star 


Write  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Springfield,  III.,  for  informa- 
tion that  will  be  helpful  in  encouraging  eradication  of  tuberculosis 


PROGRESS 


23 


24 


ILLINOIS 


H  ■  <* 

# 

,: 

S   isn 

51 

1 

f 

1 

;.  '     ■■■■■    : 

9wSSSL 

■■'• 

ft 

'-B  ' 

-^ 

WL 

li  1 

"C 

J 

^j!? 

•~ "  ■  -^- 

^s^m 

Tubercular  cattle  branded  for  slaughter  reactors  grow  fewer  as 
testing  increases 


Computing  indemnity  promptly  enables  owners  to  get  reimburse- 
ment vouchers  without  delay 


PROGRESS 


25 


Rabies    control    laws    require    all    dogs    in    areas  affected   to  be 
locked  up  or  restrained 


If  allowed  to  run  at  large  in  rabies  control  areas,   they  must  be 
muzzled,  or  vaccinated 


26 


ILLINOIS 


If   administered    a    prophylactic    treatment    and    so    tagged,    they 
may  run  at  large 

In  the  form  of  common  livestock  ailments,  tubercu- 
losis in  the  cattle  herds  of  Illinois  has  caused  one  of  the 
most  comprehensive  undertakings  carried  on  within  the 
State  in  recent  years.  When  the  task  of  freeing  herds  on 
the  farms  of  Illinois,  from  this  disease,  was  undertaken, 
it  had  become  quite  prevalent,  particularly  in  the  northern 
counties.  This  disease  eradication  measure  was  formerly 
conducted  under  Federal  supervision.  At  the  time  the  Illi- 
nois State  Legislature  assigned  the  duty  of  conducting 
this  program  to  the  State  Department  of  Agriculture, 
only  one  county  of  the  102  in  Illinois  had  ever  attained 


PROGRESS 


27 


To  control  avian  tuberculosis,  the  veterinary  service  administers 

tests 


Ji 

■i 

B 

An  intra-dermal  injection  of  tuberculin  is  made  in  the  wattle  of 
suspected  birds 


28  ILLINOIS 


*'#g 

Jr 

^   Pi                           .         '       .   :'■■■     .       ■ 

f 

/^% 

mm 
■■■fir     ^  ■ 

A  lesion  forming  in   the   comb  reveals   tuberculosis 

accreditation  as  free  from  this  disease,  and  its  accredita- 
tion had  lapsed.  At  that  time,  testing  30,000  cattle  in 
one  month  was  hailed  as  an  achievement. 

The  accompanying  illustration  marks  the  progress  of 
this  program  since  the  State  has  had  it  under  supervision. 
It  indicates  that  at  this  time  about  three-fourths  of  all 
the  breeding  and  dairy  cattle  in  this  State  are  under  super- 
vision. On  July  1,  the  number  listed  totaled  1,223,850. 
During  the  present  summer  season,  tests  performed  each 
month  have  averaged  upward  of  100,000  head  of  cattle — 
more  than  three  times  the  former  record.  From  the 
progress  now  in  evidence,  the  practical  eradication  of  this 
livestock  disease  from  Illinois  within  the  next  two  years 
is  considered  as  contingent  only  upon  the  continuation  of 
the  well  directed  efforts  now  put  forth. 

Among  the  less  common  ailments  this  Division 
guards  against  are  such  diseases  as  the  foot  and  mouth 
disease,  anthrax,  rabies,  hog  cholera,  and  a  formidable 


PROGRESS  29 

array  of  other  ills  that  have  threatened  serious  losses  to 
the  farmers  of  the  State.  Through  eternal  vigilance,  and 
prompt  action  in  events  that  transpire  almost  daily  to 
threaten  the  welfare  of  the  public  in  the  form  of  live- 
stock diseases,  Illinois  enjoys  comparative  immunity  from 
these  threatening  epidemics.  Quarantines  and  embargoes 
and  an  alert  body  of  able  veterinarians,  operating  through- 
out the  State,  yet  all  in  contact  with  one  central  office,  on 
countless  occasions  have  served  to  guard  the  State  against 
outbreaks  of  disease.  Without  this  service,  doubtless 
some  of  the  many  cases  would  have  developed  into  serious 
proportions.  Livestock  values  are  relatively  higher  as 
the  result  of  the  disease  prevention  service  of  the  State, 
and  conditions  generally  are  better  because  of  the  control 
and  remedial  measures  it  administers. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INDUSTRY 

O.  T.  Olsen,  Superintendent 

Through  this  branch  of  the  State  service,  the  State 
enjoys  protection  against  insect  pests  and  plant  diseases. 
In  that  the  effective  method  of  prevention  in  any  ill  should 
begin  at  the  source,  this  work  deals  largely  with  the  seeds 
and  plants  before  they  have  an  opportunity  to  cause  losses 
to  the  farmers  through  impurity  and  disease. 

The  nurseries  of  Illinois  and  other  states  provide  the 
nucleus  for  the  fruit  production  industry,  and  for  other 
forms  of  productive  and  ornamental  plants.  This  re- 
quires inspection  of  the  nursery  stock  that  is  available  for 
planting  in  the  State  of  Illinois.  Firms  engaged  in 
propagating  trees  in  Illinois  are  subjected  to  inspection 
by  State  forces. 

This  service  has  increased  continuously  since  1921. 
That  year,  306  nurseries  were  inspected.  The  annual  in- 
spection records  grew  gradually,  until,  in  1927,  623 
nurseries  were  subjected  to  inspection.  For  the  present 
season  applications  for  inspection  received  up  to  July  1 
total   725.     Certificates  issued  by  the  inspection  service 


30 


ILLINOIS 


Plant    inspectors    detect    inherent    blights    in    orchard    stock    at 
nurseries  and  remove  it 


;       ■■ 

* ',   '  3*j#%i*                                          '-"•■           *       "*'/>^r.     o£*®  '   saw                           * 

3     -'- 

IB 

fc 

■  -r*TfffiB 

Shade  trees,  shrubs  and  ornamental  plants  are  also  subjected  to 

inspection 


PROGRESS 


31 


n5*  t*^^           epji 

/agiih, 

If*    ,    •*" 

O 
'-•"•  ^  ^m. 

V 

/**■;    •'•. 

RW^ 

Peonies   have  their  own   diseases.     This   plate   compares   healthy 
and   diseased   plants 


CEDAR  GALLS  CAUSED 
BY  THE  RUST  ON 
CEDAR  FOLIAGE 


CEDAR  RUST   SPOTS 

ON  APPLE  FOLIAGE  CAUSED 

BY  SP0RE5  FROM 

THE   CEDAR    GALLS 


Cedar  rust,   the  bane  of  orchardists.      Removal  of  affected  cedar 
trees  is  a  prevention  measure 


32 


ILLINOIS 


Illinois   is   guarding  against   the   European   cornborer,    which 
causes  this  destruction 


are  of  several  classes.  In  number,  they  have  practically 
doubled  since  1921. 

For  the  field  crops  of  the  State,  the  seed,  such  as  the 
meadow  grasses,  must  be  free  of  noxious  weeds  and 
weeds  of  other  plants  if  the  harvest  is  to  be  up  to  expecta- 
tions. To  guard  against  impure  or  misrepresented  seeds, 
this  Division,  through  its  inspection  and  analysis  service, 
determines  the  proportion  of  undesirable  elements  in 
seed  stocks  sold  in  Illinois.  This  branch  of  the  Division's 
operations  has  also  expanded. 

As  an  example  of  the  increasing  service  of  the  seed 
laboratory,  a  comparison  of  the  analysis  performed  dur- 
ing the  year  ending  June  30,  1928,  and  1927,  shows  a  de- 
cided gain  in  Illinois-grown  seed  stocks  marketed.  In 
1926-27,  there  were  3,440  samples  analyzed  and  found 
salable.  In  the  year  ending  June  30  last,  the  number 
reached  6,222.  Seed  brought  in  from  other  states  de- 
creased.    Imported  stocks  inspected  during  the  year  just 


PROGRESS 


33 


M& 

| 

'  i 

E 

* 

;|': 

# 

itjg 
1 

■     A?-' 

feJl 

...  »|  • . 

"•'--'' fi 

#       * 

si*< . 

f|s;S:|Sp|N     ,. 

:  3: 1 

|- 

rf       '• 

If           ■'" 
'      •   *\   * 

r'"            jS*-*' 

v.  ,JUu; 

=  v9 

It 

it  * 

&    ? 

<%      0,: 

; 

V 

«gt  « 

'«•' 

V/J^ 

■JK     * 

s 

P"^           %  ' 

A  closeup  of  the  worm  at  work 


past  total  twenty-four.     During  the  preceding  year,   52 
lots  were  subjected  to  the  laboratory  test. 

Then,  aside  from  common  ills  to  guard  against,  there 
are  the  occasional  emergencies  that  arise,  such  as  the  im- 
pending European  cornborer  invasion.  Thus  far,  the 
service  this  Division  has  been  called  upon  to  perform  in 


34 


ILLINOIS 


PROGRESS 


35 


FLAG 


a.:?r? 


36  ILLINOIS 

this  connection  has  been  primarily  preparation  and  watch- 
ful waiting.  Through  well  directed  plans,  the  Division 
is  in  readiness  to  defend  the  cornbelt  as  thoroughly  as  is 
possible,  against  the  gravest  danger  that  has  ever  threat- 
ened the  greatest  corn  production  section  of  the  world. 
In  addition  to  preparatory  efforts,  the  State,  through  this 
Division,  guards  its  endangered  eastern  border.  In  the 
single  instance  of  an  advance  invasion,  danger  of  its 
spread  was  promptly  removed  by  a  thorough  treatment 
of  the  threatened  area. 

Many  blights,  diseases  and  pests  of  sundry  kinds 
beset  the  field  and  orchard  crops  of  Illinois.  This  service 
tends  to  prevent  serious  inroads  they  all  threaten  to 
effect.  Flagsmut  and  the  common  barberry,  as  elements 
endangering  wheat  production,  are  illustrations.  The 
State  is  coping  with  these  ills  successfully.  Much  has 
been  done  to  eradicate  noxious  weeds,  such  as  the  Canada 
thistle,  under  the  supervision  of  this  agency.  The  menace 
to  life  and  livestock  present  where  the  poisonous  white 
snakeroot  grows  and  cattle  graze,  has  been  impressed  as 
an  effort  in  behalf  of  public  safety  through  the  efforts  of 
this  body.  And,  by  way  of  a  promotional  enterprise,  the 
Division  carries  on  a  propagation  program  that  is  grad- 
ually developing  a  watermelon,  desirable  in  all  character- 
istics, and  with  relative  immunity  from  wilt.  Generally, 
the  Division  is  successfully  serving  Illinois  in  the  capacity 
of  a  guardian  of  the  welfare  of  the  plant  life  of  the  State. 

DIVISION   OF   POULTRY   HUSBANDRY 

A.  D.  Smith,  Chief  Ponltryman 

"To  make  poultry  raising  a  more  profitable  branch 
of  farming,  and  thereby  provide  the  public  with  an  im- 
proved quality  of  poultry  products,  as  well  as  to  increase 
the  farmers'  income," — that  briefly  sets  forth  the  object 
the  present  State  administration  had  in  mind  when  plans 
were  made  for  the  development  of  the  service  this 
Division  renders. 


PROGRESS 


Poultry  experimental  farm   at  Quincy 


The  progress  of  the  industry  within  the  State  in 
recent  years  reflects  the  success  of  this  important  under- 
taking. Poultry  products  are  of  improved  quality,  and 
a  greater  portion  of  farm  income  is  now  derived  from 
feathered  flocks  than  formerly.  Just  how  these  condi- 
tions have  been  brought  about  explains  the  nature  of  the 
work  that  men  who  represent  the  State  in  this  capacity 
perform. 

Poultry  farming  practices  undergo  improvement 
through  the  education  of  the  ones  engaging  in  it,  either 
commercially  or  for  domestic  purposes.  To  provide 
poultry  lore  for  all  concerned,  countless  bulletins  have 
been  distributed  throughout  the  State  as  a  service  of  this 
promotional  agency.  Lecturers  have  toured  every  county, 
telling  all  who  care  to  hear,  how  flocks  can  be  im- 
proved. Motion  pictures  have  been  projected  at  public 
gatherings,  and,  in  many  ways,  the  public  of  the  State  of 
Illinois  has  been  informed  along  practical  lines,  regard- 


38  ILLINOIS 

ing  methods  of  procedure  for  the  best  results  in  poultry 
raising.  Future  farmers  have  received  their  share  of 
this  instruction,  through  the  schools  and  junior  poultry 
clubs.  Nothing  has  been  overlooked  that  might  prove 
helpful  to  the  industry. 

The  Division  has  always  recognized  the  fact  that 
profits  from  a  flock  of  laying  hens  will  vary  with  their 
egg  production.  For  this  reason,  three  egg-laying  con- 
tests are  carried  on.  One  is  in  northeastern  Illinois  at 
Kankakee,  another  in  the  western  section,  at  Quincy,  and 
a  third,  in  Southern  Illinois,  at  Murphysboro.  At  these 
experimental  projects,  hens  from  all  sections  of  the 
Nation  strive  for  egg-production  honors.  The  records 
form  a  basis  for  the  breeding  plans  of  poultry  keepers. 
Ideal  conditions  are  maintained.  The  places  are  always 
open  to  the  public.  From  the  throngs  that  visit  these 
three  institutions,  and  the  comprehensive  reports  issued 
from  them  monthly,  the  world  learns  what  good  laying 
stock,  properly  housed,  carefully  attended  and  scien- 
tifically fed,  can  produce.  Some  of  the  highest  records 
ever  made  in  any  contest  have  gone  on  record  in  the  Illi- 
nois experimental  plants. 

Within  recent  years,  this  Division  has  advanced  an- 
other service  that  has  exceeded  in  its  scope  and  value  any 
similar  undertaking  in  any  other  state.  That  is  the  sys- 
tem of  inspection  and  accreditation  whereby  commercial 
hatcheries  produce  baby  chicks  with  certificates  that  gain 
marked  recognition  for  this  Illinois  farm  product  in  every 
section  of  the  continent.  Birds  distributed  as  "State 
Standard  Accredited,"  from  Illinois,  are  recognized  by 
the  informed  poultry  people  of  America  as  true  to  type 
for  the  breed  and  variety  they  represent.  They  are  known 
to  have  been  sired  by  virile,  healthy  males,  mated  to  hens 
that  bear  all  the  characteristics  of  high  egg-production. 

In  addition,  another  mark  of  recognition  given  poul- 
try that  qualifies  to  receive  it,  is  the  accreditation  as  free 
from  avian  tuberculosis  and  bacillary  white  diarrhea — 
two   common   poultry   ailments.      This,   as   a    specialized 


PROGRESS 


39 


40 


ILLINOIS 


Poultry   experimental   farm  at  Murphysboro 


Specimens  of  all  breeds  tour  the  State  as  exhibit  on  poultry 
promotional  train 


PROGRESS 


41 


This  division  works  with   the   State  association   in   presenting 
exhibition.     State  show,  1928 


veterinary  problem,  is  a  service  carried  on  in  the  Division 
of  Animal  Industry,  under  the  supervision  of  the  chief 
veterinarian. 

The  Poultry  Husbandry  Division  functions  through 
allied  organizations,  such  as  the  State  Poultry  Associa- 
tion, and  aids  the  industry  in  conducting  poultry  exhibi- 
tions. By  way  of  illustration  of  the  success  it  has 
attained  in  this  branch  of  its  service,  the  Poultry  show 
at  the  State  Fair,  in  1926  and  1927,  exceeded  in  extent 
of  entries  and  in  value  to  the  industry,  any  other  poultry 
exposition  ever  held  at  any  time  or  place. 

In  volume  of  production,  Illinois  is  placed  as  second 
only  to  Iowa,  when  the  last  agricultural  census  was  com- 
piled. In  quality  of  production,  and  in  the  efforts  put 
forth  by  the  State  to  promote  improved  production,  no 
other  section  of  America  can  claim  superiority  to  Illinois. 
Poultry  authorities  freely  predict  that,  within  a  few  years 


42 


ILLINOIS 


PROGRESS  43 

more,  a  continuation  of  the  present  constructive  program 
will  gain  for  Illinois  the  national  recognition  it  so  well 
deserves  as  the  foremost  poultry  section  of  the  world. 

DIVISION   OF  DAIRY   HUSBANDRY 

J.  S.  Miles,  Superintendent 

When  the  yield,  per  unit  of  production  cost,  is 
doubled,  in  any  branch  of  husbandry,  within  a  period  of 
eight  years,  in  any  given  section  of  the  country,  the  efforts 
that  have  brought  about  that  marked  increase  merit  recog- 
nition. Such  has  been  the  achievement  in  Illinois,  since 
1920,  for  the  dairy  farming  business.  Dairymen  in  touch 
with  this  advancement,  attribute  it,  in  a  great  measure,  to 
efforts  that  the  State  of  Illinois  has  made  through  the 
men  who  have  engaged  in  the  service  of  the  Division  of 
Dairy  Husbandry. 

An  annual  income  in  the  form  of  dairy  products 
from  the  farms  of  Illinois  that  totaled  $54,000,000  a  few 
years  ago,  was  deemed  remarkable.  The  income  from 
this  source  last  year  exceeded  $101,000,000,  averaging 
around  $1,000,000  annual  income  to  the  county.  And, 
there  are  fewer  milk  cows  now  than  when  production 
was  but  half  the  present  yield. 

Improved  breeding,  care  and  feeding,  and  a  more 
thorough  understanding  of  the  economic  problems  of  the 
industry  have  brought  about  this  added  revenue.  With- 
out it,  in  these  years  that  go  on  record  as  a  period  of 
so-called  agricultural  depression,  conditions  on  the  farms 
of  Illinois  would  have  been  far  less  satisfactory  than 
they  are. 

Men  engaged  in  this  service  have  unified  the  efforts 
of  various  other  agencies  that  also  serve  in  this  capacity. 
As  a  leader,  it  has  made  the  efforts  of  the  others  more 
successful,  and  thereby  is  entitled  to  much  recognition  for 
the  progress  that  all,  collectively,  have  brought  about. 

The  service  this  Division  undertakes  is  purely  edu- 
cational and  promotional.    It  has  drawn  to  it,  from  many 


44 


ILLINOIS 


Results  of  selective  breeding:     This  grade  cow's  record,  209  lbs. 
fat  in  30  days 


Progeny   of   purebred   sire,    out   of   foregoing   dam,    produced    321 
lbs.  fat  in  30  days 


PROGRESS 


The    third    generation    shows    an    increase    to    423    lbs. 
production  per  unit 


-doubling 


The  fourth  generation  shows  a  likely  heifer — almost  a  purebred 


46  ILLINOIS 

sources  other  than  the  public  funds,  for  judicious  dis- 
tribution, the  means  whereby  the  industry  has  been  placed 
upon  a  more  profitable  basis.  It  has  selected  and  dis- 
tributed dairy  animals  of  improved  breeding,  that  out- 
side agencies,  due  to  prosper  by  increased  yields  of  dairy 
products,  have  provided.  It  has  helped  to  build  a  better 
market  for  all  kinds  of  dairy  products,  based  upon  purity 
and  quality  production. 

Helpful  bulletins  and  instructive  lectures,  made  more 
interesting  and  more  comprehensive  by  filmed  stories  that 
tell  of  better  breeding  methods,  disease  prevention  and 
control,  and  other  problems  the  dairy  farmer  faces — all 
these  form  a  portion  of  this  service. 

Through  encouraging  competitive  exhibition  of  dairy 
stock  and  dairy  products,  and  by  bringing  into  Illinois  the 
finest  specimens  in  America,  this  service  has  afforded 
inspiration  to  progressive  dairy  people.  It  has  demon- 
strated just  what  can  be  accomplished  when  the  lessons 
science  teaches  are  carefully  followed  on  the  farms  of 
Illinois,  and,  as  the  result,  more  farmers  in  all  sections  of 
the  State  today  are  realizing  more  adequate  returns  upon 
the  investments  they  make  in  effort  and  in  substance  in 
the  dairy  branch  of  farming  than  was  the  case  when  this 
service  began. 

Illinois,  considering  its  area  and  general  conditions, 
ranks  high  as  a  dairy  production  state.  In  competition 
with  the  world,  in  expositions  and  in  production  tests, 
farmers  of  Illinois  have  well  upheld  the  honor  of  the 
State. 

The  youngsters  too,  in  junior  clubs  and  agricultural 
classes,  when  pitted  against  the  best  informed  in  other 
states,  have  demonstrated  thoroughly  the  value  of  the 
teaching  they  receive  in  the  fundamentals  of  dairy  farm- 
ing; and  in  this,  too,  the  Division  of  Dairy  Husbandry 
plays  an  important  part,  building  for  the  future  of  the 
industry  as  well  as  for  its  immediate  success. 


PROGRESS  47 

DIVISION  OF  STANDARDIZATION  AND 
MARKETS 

G.  V.  Day,  Acting  Superintendent 

To  produce  a  crop  successfully  is  but  a  portion  of 
the  farmer's  problem.  It  must  be  marketed  before  he 
can  derive  an  income  from  it.  In  this  age  of  standardiza- 
tion, uniformity  and  official  designation  of  the  variety  and 
quality  is  particularly  essential  for  successful  sales  of 
perishable  commodities.  On  this  basis,  the  Division  of 
Standardization  and  Markets  serves  the  fruit  and 
vegetable  production  branches  of  the  farming  business. 

Skilled  inspectors,  versed  and  drilled  in  the  various 
commodities  that  orchards  and  truck  gardens  of  this 
State  produce,  pass  upon  the  quality  of  shipments  at  the 
point  of  origin.  In  the  harvest  season,  forces  engaged 
in  this  special  service  can  be  found  throughout  the  sections 
from  which  fruits  and  vegetables  are  shipped  in  car  load 
lots. 

Certificates  of  grade  and  quality,  issued  by  these 
specialists,  are  based  upon  the  standards  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  promulgates  as  official.  The  standards  are 
unified  throughout  the  United  States  through  the  Federal 
marketing  bureau,  and  are  prima  facie  evidence,  in  any 
court  of  justice  in  the  Nation,  of  the  statements  they  set 
forth. 

This  service  formerly  exacted  twice  the  fee  that  is 
assessed  the  growers  now.  In  spite  of  this  reduction,  the 
revenue  that  Illinois  derives  is  greater  now  than  then. 
This  is  due  to  the  vast  increase  in  the  service  rendered. 
No  greater  expenditure  of  State  appropriations  has  been 
essential  to  this  expansion.  Able  administration  of  this 
activity  has  enabled  it  to  accomplish  more  good  per  dollar 
of  its  cost  to  the  public.  The  accompanying  table  tells 
how  growers,  as  associations  and  as  individuals,  are  de- 
manding more  of  this  inspection  service. 

In  addition  to  this  service,  men  engaged  throughout 
the  year,  when  not  assigned  to  shipping-point  inspection, 


48 


ILLINOIS 


Proper    orchard    methods    encourage    bumper    yields    of    splendid 

fruit 


Mechanical    cleaner   removes    spray   residue    and    soil,    and    gives 
the  fruit  attractive  luster 


PROGRESS 


49 


Inspection,    in   the   packing   plant,    for   the    certification   of   grade 
and  quality 


Final   inspection   before   the   car  is   sealed  assures   the   traae   the 
contents    is   as   certified 


50 


ILLINOIS 


WHICH  KIND  DO 
YOU  MARKET? 


**mmm6m 


m,®m®®® 
®®m®®® 


DIRTY 
IRREGULAR 


CLEAN 
UNIFORM 


Grading  demonstrations  and  egg  shows  tend  to  improve  quality 
of  Illinois  eggs 


carry  on  an  intense  promotional  program.  Growers  are 
taught  the  value  of  the  improved  methods  science  has 
evolved,  and  are  urged  to  adopt  the  plans  productive  of 
the  best  results.  Consequently,  more  growers  of  fruits 
and  vegetables  now,  than  formerly,  are  selecting,  grading, 
packing  and  shipping  their  products  in  conformity  with 


PROGRESS  51 

the  demands  of  an  exacting  market.     As  a  result,  more 
growers  are  deriving  more  satisfactory  returns. 

In  addition  to  the  perishable  fruits  and  vegetables, 
another  farm  commodity,  also  highly  perishable — the 
egg — receives  attention  at  the  hands  of  this  Division. 
Grading  demonstrations,  and  competitive  exhibitions  of 
selected  eggs,  conducted  and  encouraged  through  this 
branch  of  the  service,  tend  to  instruct  the  poultry  raisers 
on  the  most  successful  methods  of  marketing  this  staple 
product. 

As  the  fruit  industry  of  Illinois  expands,  the  need 
of  this  marketing  service  grows.  As  growers  learn  more 
of  its  merits,  the  service  becomes  more  in  demand.  This 
has  been  the  record  during  the  past  few  years,  and  as 
sure  as  Illinois  continues  fruit  and  vegetable  production, 
there  will  remain  a  strong  demand  for  this  constructive 
service. 

DIVISION  OF  COOPERATIVE  CROP  REPORTS 

A.  J.  Surratt,  Agricultural  Statistician 

A  public  that  is  well  informed  concerning  the  re- 
corded production  and  movement  of  farm  products  and 
indications  of  future  yields  in  crops  and  livestock,  can 
produce  and  market  its  commodities  more  wisely.  The 
dealers  and  consumers,  too,  derive  a  benefit  from  authen- 
tic information. 

Such  a  service  is  provided  in  the  State  of  Illinois 
as  the  results  of  cooperation,  developed  during  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  present  chief  Executive,  between  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 

This  service  functions  to  minimize  erratic  fluctua- 
tions on  the  markets.  It  takes  into  account  the  factors 
that  affect  production.  It  conducts  intensive  surveys  of 
conditions  as  they  exist  at  a  given  period,  and  on  informa- 
tion carefully  assembled,  bases  estimates  of  future  yields. 


52 


ILLINOIS 


PROGRESS 


53 


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54 


ILLINOIS 


AGGREGATE  CROP  ACREAGES 

1927 

MILLIONS 
0       5        10       15       20     25      30 

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PROGRESS 


55 


GROSS  FARM  VALUE  OF  ILLINOIS  LIVESTOCK 
JANUARY  1,1928 


AGGREGATE  VALUE  OF  LIVESTOCK 
CATTLE, HOGS.SHEEP,  HORSES  AND  MULES 
JANUARY  1,1928 


56 


ILLINOIS 


GROSS  FARM  VALUE  OF  ILLINOIS  CROPS 
DECEMBER.I927 


UTILIZATION  OF  CULTIVATED  ACREAGE 
ILLINOIS  -1927 


SPRING  WHEAT  1.1% 
216,000  ACRES 

BARLEY   E3°A. 
4S3.000  ACRES 


PROGRESS 


57 


Each  dot  represents 
5,000  acres  of  corn 
production  in  a  nor- 
mal  season 


58  ILLINOIS 

Throughout  the  State,  local  crop  and  livestock  re- 
porters contribute  information.  The  data  thus  assembled 
is  carefully  corroborated  and  compiled.  The  information 
that  is  then  available  is  released  in  such  a  manner  that 
the  farmer  may  receive  it  just  as  soon  as  the  concerns 
that  deal  in  farm  commodities. 

This  joint  State  and  Federal  service  is  growing. 
Crops  that  are  increasing  in  importance  are  added  to  the 
list  considered.  More  frequent  information  is  demanded 
and  procured  for  an  interested  public.  Unusual  condi- 
tions, such  as  unseasonable  weather,  floods,  and  other  de-  i 
partures  from  the  normal  situation  that  frequently  occur, 
call  for  emergency  treatment.  All  this  has  helped  to 
bring  about  an  increase  in  the  volume  of  the  service  this 
Division  renders. 

The  circulation  of  the  reports  and  estimates  issued 
is  continually  growing.  This  is  attributed  to  the  fact 
that  farmers  throughout  Illinois  are  basing  greater  con- 
fidence in  the  information  that  this  service  provides. 
They  find  that  a  study  of  conditions  affecting  markets 
they  supply  is  helpful.  If  indications  are  that  pork,  for 
instance,  will  be  in  great  demand  six  months  hence,  they 
arrange  their  plans  accordingly.  If  they  find  the  trend 
of  production  indicates  a  surplus,  they  adjust  planting, 
breeding  or  feeding  plans  accordingly. 

Aside  from  the  growing  list  of  reports  issued  direct 
to  an  increasing  list  of  clients,  newspapers  carry  informa- 
tion that  this  service  prepares.  This  reaches  readers  in 
all  sections  simultaneously,  giving  all  the  benefits  the  in- 
formation offers. 

The  Division  of  Cooperative  Federal  and  State 
service  illustrates  what  two  great  agencies  can  accom- 
plish when  they  work  in  harmony.  Either  would  be  hin- 
dered without  assistance  of  the  other.  The  information 
that  is  gleaned  in  Illinois  alone  would  be  of  far  less  value 
without  taking  into  account  related  information  from  the 
other  production  sections  and  the  market  centers  of  the 
Nation — and  that,  naturally,  is  a  function  of  the  Federal 


PROGRESS  59 

service.  The  two  Departments,  united  for  this  purpose, 
have  worked  harmoniously  and  successfully,  and  the 
farming  interests  of  the  State  of  Illinois  have  profited 
materially  through  this  cooperation. 

DIVISION  OF  APIARY  INSPECTION 

A.  L.  Kildowv  Chief  Inspector 

Even  the  busy  little  honey  bee  is  subject  to  infection. 

A  bee  disease  known  as  foulbrood,  a  few  years  ago, 
threatened  the  extermination  of  the  apiary  industry.  The 
business  of  keeping  bees  was  then  only  a  fraction  of  the 
industry  it  is  today,  but  Illinois,  through  its  State  gov- 
ernment, recognized  its  value  and  importance. 

As  a  commercial  proposition,  the  production  of  honey 
on  the  farms  of  Illinois  is  growing  in  importance.  It  is 
the  only  means  of  livelihood  of  many  farmers.  Others, 
keeping  bees  for  the  home  supply  of  that  most  wholesome 
sweet,  would  be  deprived  of  its  great  benefits  unless  the 
disease  that  threatened  the  industry  were  overcome. 

As  conditions  in  this  advancing  agricultural  section 
show  the  march  of  progress,  the  honey  bees,  as  Nature's 
own  provision  for  the  pollinization  of  the  flowering  plants, 
increase  in  importance.  The  wild  bees  of  the  forests, 
and  the  bumble  bees  of  the  cut-over,  stumpy  bottom 
fields,  are  rapidly  disappearing  from  Illinois.  The  duties 
they  performed  now  rests  upon  the  pollen-laden  shoulders 
of  the  honey  bee.  If  Illinois  continues  to  grow  its  fruits 
and  vegetables  and  clover  crops  successfully,  it  must  de- 
fend its  willing  messengers — the  honey  bees. 

The  Division  of  apiary  inspection  is  performing  this 
service.  Within  the  past  two  years,  inspectors  have 
eradicated  almost  every  colony  that  investigation  indi- 
cated was  too  seriously  infected  for  successful  treatment. 
The  inspections  carried  on  have  increased  until  now 
around  80,000  colonies  are  visited  during  the  spring  and 
summer  season.  In  place  of  50  per  cent  disease,  as  for- 
merly existed,  the  percentage  is  reduced  to  almost  nil  in 
many  sections  of  the  State.    A  few  plague  spots  remain, 


60 


ILLINOIS 


Foulbrood,    reduced    to    a    minimum    in    Illinois,    by    thorough    in- 
spection service 


Experimental    and    demonstration    apiary,    maintained   at 
Springfield 


PROGRESS  6 1 

and  inspection,  recently  reduced  by  virtue  of  the  fact  that 
this  task  has  been  practically  completed,  is  largely  con- 
fined to  emergency  service  and  to  a  cleanup  program  in 
the  sections  where  the  blight  is  still  in  evidence. 

This  service  of  the  State,  like  other  branches  that 
promote  agriculture,  tends  to  educate  rather  than  to 
prosecute  to  bring  about  desired  results.  In  very  few 
instances  has  it  ever  been  necessary  to  resort  to  court 
proceedings  to  effect  eradication  of  colonies  that  threat- 
ened the  welfare  of  others  by  contaminating  adjacent  bee- 
yards.  Cooperation  and  a  friendly  understanding  exist 
between  the  service  and  the  industry.  This  is  brought 
about,  to  a  very  great  extent,  through  cooperation  with 
the  local  and  State  associations  of  beekeepers. 

In  addition  to  the  inspection  for  and  treatment  and 
removal  of  disease,  the  State  goes  further  for  protection 
of  this  industry.  In  the  last  session  of  the  State  Legisla- 
ture, a  measure  was  enacted  whereby  honey  bees,  to 
enter  Illinois,  or  to  be  transported  from  one  county  to 
another  within  the  confines  of  the  State,  must  be  sub- 
jected to  inspection.  The  same  requirements  apply  to 
apiary  equipment.  Compliance  with  this  regulatory  meas- 
ure, usually  voluntary,  tends  to  protect  the  hives  of 
Illinois  from  reinfection,  and  thus  prevents  some  careless 
shipper  from  undoing  the  good  work  the  inspection  ser- 
vice has  accomplished  in  a  disease- free  community. 

ILLINOIS  STATE  FAIR 

W.  W.  Lindley,  General  Manager 

Within  the  past  few  years,  the  Illinois  State  Fair 
has  gained  wide  recognition  as  "The  Nation's  Greatest 
Agricultural  Exposition."  Founded  for  the  purpose  of 
promoting  the  welfare  of  the  farming  population  of  the 
State,  it  is  now,  in  its  seventy-fifth  year,  adhering  to  this 
fundamental  principle. 

The  various  departments  of  this  annual  institution 
that  tend  to  improve  the  quality  of  the  products  of  the 


62 


ILLINOIS 


PROGRESS 


63 


64 


ILLINOIS 


Show    pavilion,    just    completed,    for    the    dairy    cattle    exposition, 
Illinois  State  Fair 


farms  of  Illinois  are  the  ones  receiving  the  attention  of 
the  public.  In  the  extent  and  in  the  quality  of  displays 
competing  for  recognition  in  the  various  classes  of  live- 
stock, poultry  and  farm  products,  the  Illinois  State  Fair 
is  the  premier  exposition  of  the  Nation. 

Educational  opportunities,  developed  to  a  higher 
standard,  and  made  available  to  a  greater  number  of 
people  during  recent  years,  have  also  served  to  augment 
the  value  of  this  great  institution.  In  the  nature  of  its 
entertainment  features,  under  the  present  method  of 
supervision,  it  has  established  standards  that  are  worthy 
of  emulation.  It  is,  in  fact,  the  most  comprehensive  insti- 
tution of  its  kind  in  the  United  States. 

In  one  particular  alone,  fairs  located  near  great 
metropolitan  centers  surpass  the  Illinois  State  Fair,  and 
that  is  in  attendance.  Yet,  in  attendance  by  the  families 
from  the  farms,  it  is  perhaps  without  an  equal.  As  such, 
it  serves  its  purpose  in  a  manner  that  is  eminently  satis- 
factory. 


PROGRESS 


65 


66  ILLINOIS 

No  feature  in  the  progress  of  this  institution,  within 
recent  years,  exceeds  in  value  and  importance  the  great 
construction  program  that  is  underway  at  the  State  fair- 
grounds. Increasing  attendance,  some  two  years  ago, 
caused  objectionable  congestion.  To  remedy  this,  and  to 
enable  more  to  get  the  benefit  of  the  attractions  offered, 
a  comprehensive  program  of  expansion  and  improvement 
was  outlined  by  the  State  officials.  Last  year,  the  program 
was  well  underway.  Increased  acreage  was  taken  into  the 
inclosure.  An  entirely  new  race  track  was  constructed. 
A  structure,  combining  a  magnificent  grandstand,  a  spa- 
cious exhibition  pavilion  and  commodious  administrative 
headquarters,  was  erected. 

This  year  the  program  continues.  Added  acreage 
has  undergone  improvement,  and  among  the  other  ad- 
vantages, this  affords  abundant  free  parking  space,  within 
the  grounds,  for  all  motorists  attending. 

The  outstanding  portion  of  this  year's  construction 
quota  is  the  erection  of  six  new  dairy  cattle  stables  and 
a  cattle  show  pavilion.  This  represents  the  recognition 
by  the  present  State  officials  of  the  growing  industry  of 
Illinois.  This  improvement  has  become  essential  to  the 
welfare  of  the  cattle  exposition,  as,  within  the  past  few 
years,  increasing  entries  made  the  formerly  abundant  sta- 
ble room  entirely  inadequate. 

At  the  time  this  is  prepared  for  publication,  the 
Illinois  State  Fair  of  1928  is  in  course  of  preparation,  and 
from  all  indications,  it  will  surpass  all  former  records  in 
its  value  as  an  institution  for  the  public  good. 

EDUCATIONAL  EXHIBITS 

O.  K.  Baldwin,  Manager 

At  the  Illinois  State  Fair  and  at  many  other  county 
and  district  agricultural  fairs  throughout  Illinois  during 
the  past  few  years,  countless  citizens  of  Illinois  have  en- 
joyed a  feature  known  as  Educational  Exhibits.  Funds 
have  been  set  aside  for  the  presentation  of  these  features 


PROGRESS  67 

by  the  recent  sessions  of  the  State  Legislature,  as  a  serv- 
ice administered  by  the  State  Department  of  Agriculture. 
The  exhibits  represent  various  departments  of  State  gov- 
ernment. 

The  exhibit  idea  had  its  origin  early  in  the  first  ad- 
ministration of  Governor  Len  Small.  It  has  grown  into 
a  prominent,  helpful  feature.  Five  units  tour  the  State 
throughout  the  summer  and  fall,  visiting  as  many  fairs 
as  possible.  Schedules  have  been  changed  from  year  to 
year  so  that  practically  every  agricultural  exposition  held 
in  Illinois  participates  in  this,  at  least  during  alternate 
seasons. 

The  exhibits  touring  Illinois  this  season  are  typical 
of  the  ones  that  have  gone  out  in  former  years,  except 
that  they  reveal  improvement. 

Displays,  in  the  form  of  mounted  specimens,  elec- 
trically illuminated  transparent  pictures,  motion  picture 
films  and  lectures  all  are  used  to  convey  to  the  public  the 
messages  these  exhibits  offer. 

The  Department  of  Public  Welfare,  by  an  array  of 
exhibits,  shows  the  progress  in  the  care  the  wards  of  Illi- 
nois receive.     The  craftsmanship  of  patients  is  displayed. 

The  Department  of  Public  Works  and  Buildings  dis- 
plays views  and  illustrations  showing  progress  of  the  road 
construction  program,  and  points  of  scenic  splendor  at 
the  Illinois  State  parks. 

The  Department  of  Public  Health  sends  physicians 
and  nurses  who  give  physical  examinations  that  have 
warned  many  of  the  danger  of  disease. 

The  Department  of  Purchases  and  Construction 
shows  what  the  State  is  doing  in  the  construction  of  State 
buildings  and  in  the  Waterways  Division. 

The  Department  of  Agriculture,  with  films  and 
transparent  pictures,  teaches  farm  improvement  methods, 


68  ILLINOIS 

and  shows  progress  in  the  nine  Divisions  through  which 
it  functions. 

The  exhibits  serve  in  many  ways  to  improve  condi- 
tions in  the  State  of  Illinois.  They  warn  against  the 
sundry  dangers  that  beset  the  physical  well-being  of  the 
public,  and  against  the  ills  besetting  agriculture.  They 
give  the  public  information  to  which  this  administration 
considers  all  entitled,  for  the  disposition  of  the  public 
funds  concerns  the  citizenship  of  Illinois.  This  method 
of  communication  tells  how  public  servants  are  perform- 
ing duties  that  the  laws  assign  them. 

In  addition  to  their  presentation  at  the  fairs  through- 
out the  State,  the  educational  exhibits  and  the  films  that 
form  a  part  of  them  are  available  for  other  public  gather- 
ings. Farmers'  institutes,  Farm  Bureau  meetings,  con- 
ventions and  other  public  gatherings  engage  these  fea- 
tures. Bulletins  bearing  upon  a  wide  range  of  subjects, 
prepared  as  an  activity  under  the  head  of  Educational 
Exhibits,  and  distributed  by  the  staff  of  trained  atten- 
dants, also  serve  to  give  helpful  information  State-wide 
distribution.  By  way  of  an  illustration,  the  booklet 
wherein  this  appears,  is  a  portion  of  this  service  during 
the  present  season.  Copies  are  distributed  at  the  several 
fairs  exhibits  visit,  and  the  cost  of  distribution  is  there- 
by reduced  to  a  minimum. 


The  foregoing  sections  touch  but  briefly  on  some 
representative  activities  conducted  through  the  various 
Divisions  of  the  Illinois  Department  of  Agriculture. 
There  are  many  others  of  equal,  perhaps  greater,  im- 
portance. Detailed  information,  however,  would  prove 
burdensome,  and  they  are  therefore  omitted  from  this 
report. 

In  addition  to  the  many  duties  assigned  to  the  sepa- 
rate Divisions,  there  are  many  that  the  Department  is  as- 


PROGRESS  69 

signed  by  legislation.  For  example,  Illinois  does  more 
by  way  of  the  financial  and  moral  support  and  supervi- 
sion of  her  county  and  other  agricultural  fairs  than  any 
of  the  other  47  states.  Through  increased  appropria- 
tions, utilizing  only  funds  collected  from  the  race  tracks 
of  Illinois,  the  fairs  are  reimbursed  for  premiums  paid 
in  agricultural  and  related  classes.  This  represents  the 
distribution  of  more  than  half  a  million  dollars  during 
this  biennium,  through  the  general  office  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture.  Inspection  and  supervision  of  the 
conduct  of  the  participating  fairs  is  required  that  they 
may  qualify  for  this  support.  This,  too,  is  a  duty  of  the 
Department. 

Seeking  information  on  various  topics  that  are  vital 
to  the  welfare  of  the  State,  the  Department  has  in  prog- 
ress, a  number  of  important  experimental  projects.  In- 
formation thus  obtained  will  be  of  inestimable  economic 
value. 

One  is  an  attempt  to  prove  or  to  disprove  the  theory 
that  tuberculosis  can  be  prevented  in  livestock  by  a  vac- 
cine treatment.  This,  alone,  if  the  evidence  supports  the 
contention  that  immunization  is  possible,  will  be  of  un- 
told value  to  the  State.  In  addition,  the  tests  now  under 
way  will  have  an  important  bearing  upon  the  long-sought 
plan  whereby  the  human  race  may  become  immune  from 
that  dread  disease — the  great,  white  plague. 

The  State's  relation  to  the  county  Farm  Bureaus  is 
conducted  through  this  Department.  The  licensing  of 
live  market  poultry  dealers,  as  a  means  of  curbing  thefts, 
has  been  assigned  to  this  branch  of  State  government. 
Cooperative  marketing  organizations  are  also  licensed 
through  this  service.  In  almost  countless  ways,  the  ser- 
vice this  Department  renders  is  met  in  the  daily  trans- 
actions of  the  people  of  the  State. 

Law,  and  custom,  which  makes  law,  also  have  or- 
dained that  the  Director  of  this  Department  of  State  gov- 


70  ILLINOIS 

ernment,  shall  serve  in  various  capacities  related  to  the 
agricultural  industry  of  the  State.  Official  positions 
vested  with  the  Director,  and  demanding  his  attention — 
and  without  compensation,  briefly  mentioned,  follow: 

Arbiter  of  the  running  race  tracks  of  the  State, 
Agricultural  Representative,    Illinois    Valley    Flood 
Control  Commission, 

Secretary,  Illinois  Association  of  Agricultural  Fairs, 
Secretary,  Illinois  State  Dairymen's  Association, 
Member  State  Board  of  Vocational  Education, 

Illinois  Representative  in  the  National  Association 
of  Commissioners,  Secretaries  and  Directors  of  Agricul- 
ture, and  others. 


PROGRESS  71 


The  Department  of  Labor 

George  B.  Arnold,  Director 

THE  DEPARTMENT  of  Labor  has  been  under  the 
direction  of  George  B.  Arnold  since  February  1, 
1921,  and  since  February,  1928,  James  R.  Cooper 
has  held  the  position  of  Assistant  Director.  The 
organization  of  the  Department's  five  main  Divisions 
is  shown  in  the  accompanying  chart.  The  Division 
of  Free  Employment  Offices  maintains  and  super- 
vises free  employment  offices  throughout  the  State, 
enforcing  the  Free  Employment  Agency  Act.  The 
Division  of  Inspection  of  Private  Employment  Agen- 
cies enforces  the  Private  Employment  Agency  Act 
of  1909  through  inspection,  which  serves  as  a  basis  for 
recommendation  for  the  issuance  and  revocation  of 
licenses.  The  Division  of  Factory  Inspection  is  intended 
for  the  regulation  of  industry  and  labor  through  the  en- 
forcement of  the  various  labor  and  factory  laws.  The 
Industrial  Commission  has  for  its  purpose  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act.  It  also  is 
charged  with  the  administration  of  the  Arbitration  Act, 
which  provides  for  the  adjustment  of  industrial  disputes 
through  mediators  and  conciliators.  The  General  Ad- 
visory Board  for  the  Illinois  Free  Employment  Offices 
was  developed  under  the  Civil  Administrative  Code  to 
maintain  contact  between  the  employment  offices  and  the 
localities  in  which  they  are  located.  The  Bureau  of  Labor 
Statistics  under  the  Illinois  Industrial  Commission 
gathers  and  compiles  all  data  pertaining  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  Labor  and  also  under  this  Division  the  Labor 
Bulletin,  the  official  organ  of  the  Department,  is  edited. 
Sidney  W.  Wilcox  is  Editor  in  Chief,  also  head  of  the 
"Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics. 


72 


ILLINOIS 


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Insurance  Department,  Illinois  Industrial  Commission, 
Department  of  Labor 


Public  reception  room,  Illinois  Industrial  Commission, 
Department  of  Labor 


PROGRESS  73 

DIVISION  OF  THE  FREE  EMPLOYMENT 
OFFICES 

Charles  M.  Crayton,  State  Superintendent 

Of  the  various  divisions  of  the  Illinois  Department 
of  Labor,  it  is  doubtful  whether  any  has  a  more  direct 
and  helpful  relationship  to  the  wage  earner  than  the  Free 
Employment  Service.  Its  task  of  providing  jobs  to 
thousands  of  workers  who  have  been  cast  out  of  employ- 
ment because  of  the  introduction  of  machinery  or  a  de- 
cline in  business  is  one  of  first  rate  importance  to  the 
citizens  of  Illinois. 

The  extent  to  which  this  service  has  been  performed 
is  indicated  by  a  record  of  placements  from  1920  to  the 
present  time  during  which  a  total  of  1,220,051  workers 
have  been  given  jobs  in  the  eighteen  offices  and  branch 
offices  situated  in  thirteen  industrial  centers  of  the  State. 

The  record  for  the  fiscal  years  is  as  follows : 

Male  Female  Total 

July,  1920— June,  1921 99,348  42,279  141,627 

July,  1921— June,  1922 81,083  42,452  123,535 

July,  1922— June,  1923 143,957  55,500  199,457 

July,  1923— June,  1924 98,761  57,037  155,798 

July,  1924— June,  1925 81,115  52,534  133,649 

July,  1925— June,  1926 115,101  55,696  170,797 

July,  1926— June,  1927 107,114  57,957  165,071 

July,  1927— June,  1928 77,088  53,029  130,117 

Total     803,567     416,484     1,220,051 

Up  to  the  present  time  the  majority  of  the  openings 
for  men  have  been  in  the  common  labor  branches,  and 
most  of  the  calls  for  women  have  come  from  hotels, 
restaurants  and  people  needing  domestic  servants.  The 
practice  among  trade  unions  of  placing  their  members 
has  caused  the  free  employment  office  to  put  less  emphasis 
on  the  placing  of  skilled  workers  and  to  give  more 
time  to  those  whose  skill  is  no  longer  needed  because  of 
economic  readjustments,  or  to  those  who  have  never  fol- 
lowed any  particular  line  of  work.    Because  of  a  number 


ILLINOIS 


!  *  %   m    ■  ^ 


Personnel  of  the  Illinois  Industrial  Commission,  Department 
of  Labor 

of  causes,  among  which  is  the  greater  competition  of 
private  agencies,  the  free  employment  service  has  played 
only  a  minor  role  in  the  placing  of  clerical  workers. 

The  greatest  number  of  placements  has  been  made 
by  the  Chicago  office  which  has  five  branches  situated  in 
the  various  industrial  sections  of  the  city.  An  office  for 
unskilled  labor  is  maintained  at  105  South  Jefferson 
Street,  and  another,  designed  particularly  for  the  benefit 
of  colored  workers,  is  to  be  found  at  419  E.  35th  Street. 
A  large  number  of  foreign-speaking  men  and  women  are 
placed  by  the  Logan  Square  office.  The  Stockyard 
Branch  is  located  at  4713  South  Halsted  Street.  Sepa- 
rate divisions  for  the  placing  of  all  leading  kinds  of  help 
are  to  be  found  in  the  central  office  at  116  North  Dear- 
born Street. 

Other  offices  to  be  found  in  the  State  are  in  Danville, 
Decatur,   Bloomington   and   Aurora   where   the   demand 


PROGRESS 


75 


Bureau  of  Statistics,  Illinois  Industrial  Commission,  Department 

of  Labor 

for  common  and  farm  laborers  is  taken  care  of  by  the 
service.  A  large  volume  of  work  is  also  handled  by  the 
Rock  Island  office  which  is  located  in  the  center  of  one 
of  the  leading  Illinois  industrial  communities.  This  office 
perhaps  has  the  greatest  demand  for  skilled  factory  hands 
in  the  State.  Offices  situated  in  Cicero,  East  St.  Louis, 
Joliet,  Rock  ford,  Quincy  and  Peoria  have  also  made  a 
good  record  in  placing  factory  workers.  The  coal  strike 
has  made  the  problem  of  unemployment  particularly  great 
in  the  area  served  by  the  Springfield  division  which, 
nevertheless,  has  placed  5,671  workers  during  the  fiscal 
year  1926-1927. 

In  addition  to  its  primary  function  of  placing  work- 
ers, the  free  employment  service  has  been  valuable  as  a 
source  of  information  regarding  the  extent  of  unemploy- 
ment. Each  month,  a  detailed  report  of  applications,  jobs 
offered,  number  referred  to  jobs  and  actual -placements  is 
submitted  to  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  of  the  Illinois 


76 


ILLINOIS 


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Department  of  Labor  which,  in  turn,  compiles  a  ratio  of 
applicants  per  100  jobs.  This  information  is  made  public 
each  month  in  the  Illinois  Labor  Bulletin.  These  reports 
may  be  obtained  free  of  charge  by  writing  to  the  Bureau 
of  Labor  Statistics,  300  West  Adams  Street,  Chicago. 


PROGRESS  77 

At  the  present  time  there  is  great  need  for  better  co- 
operation between  states  in  the  matter  of  unemployment. 
It  is  not  at  all  infrequent  that  employers  can  not  find  suffi- 
cient workers  in  one  part  of  the  country  and  workers  can 
find  no  jobs  in  another.  Through  providing  means  of 
closer  organization,  such  difficulties  can  be  almost  entirely 
avoided. 

INSPECTION  OF  PRIVATE  EMPLOYMENT 
AGENCIES 

John  J.  McKenna,  Chief  Inspector 

Almost  anyone  having  trouble  with  his  job,  whether 
it  be  a  matter  of  the  collection  of  wages  or  a  complaint 
against  an  employment  agency,  or  a  Trade  School,  may 
appeal  to  this  office.  An  account  of  the  various  methods 
pursued  to  give  these  unfortunate  persons  the  assistance 
they  desire,  cannot  be  given  within  the  limits  of  a  report. 
The  question  is  often  asked, — Why  not  arrest  the  offend- 
er? This  is  done  in  most  cases,  especially  where  there  is 
an  opportunity  to  get  a  conviction.  But,  in  some  cases, 
where  the  proof  of  intent  to  violate  the  law  is  absent,  the 
best  thing  that  can  be  done  is  to  make  them  give  the  money 
back.  The  majority  of  people  who  apply  to  this  Division 
for  aid  are  unemployed  and  need  help  at  once.  To  take 
a  weak  case  to  court  is  unfair  to  them,  since  they  cannot 
spare  the  time  to  follow  it  through  the  numerous  con- 
tinuances. To  do  so  would  swell  the  number  of  prose- 
cutions, but,  on  the  other  hand,  it  would  fail  to  render  the 
service  as  now  given.  In  most  cases  the  average  amount 
of  money  involved  is  only  ten  to  fifteen  dollars,  but  it 
means  bread  and  butter  to  the  complainant  whose  princi- 
pal concern  is  to  have  his  money  refunded. 

During  the  past  eight  years  8,110  complaints  were 
received  and  adjusted,  resulting  in  the  refunding  of 
$61,068.26  to  those  who  complained.     In  addition  to  this 


78 


ILLINOIS 


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PROGRESS 


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80  ILLINOIS 

the  employment  agencies  were  compelled  to  give  other 
jobs  to  2,063  persons.  During  this  period  the  Deputy 
Inspectors  made  35,480  bi-monthly  reports  on  employ- 
ment agencies  and  123,691  daily  inspection  reports.  There 
were  1,672  special  investigations  made. 

The  work  of  this  Division  is  not  entirely  devoted  to 
private  employment  agencies.  For  the  past  three  years  it 
has  been  compelled  to  give  much  attention  to  trade  schools 
in  Chicago.  During  1925  complaints  began  to  come  in 
against  trade  schools  that  were  promising  jobs  to  all  who 
agreed  to  take  the  course  of  training  they  had  to  offer. 
Numerous  arrests  were  made  in  this  connection,  mostly 
of  the  "Loop  Salesmen"  who  were  advertising  that  a 
large  salary  could  be  had  while  taking  their  course. 

In  1926,  the  Attorney  General  rendered  an  opinion 
to  the  effect  that  schools,  offering  employment  as  a 
bait  to  get  students,  were  operating  a  private  employ- 
ment agency  and  were  subject  to  the  law  governing 
such  agencies.  Employment  licenses  were  then  issued 
to  trade  schools  and  their  salesmen,  giving  them  the  first 
supervision  they  had  experienced.  This  plan,  however, 
failed  to  cure  the  evil,  and  so,  upon  recommendation  of 
this  Division,  and  through  the  efforts  of  the  Director  of 
Labor,  House  Bill  No.  357  was  passed  by  the  Fifty-fifth 
General  Assembly,  which  is  an  Act  to  regulate  Profes- 
sional Correspondence  Schools  and  Manual  and  Me- 
chanical Trade  Schools.  Section  1  of  this  Act  states: 
"After  the  first  day  of  January,  1928,  it  shall  be  unlaw- 
ful to  conduct  a  professional  correspondence  school,  or  a 
manual  or  mechanical  trade  school  without  a  certificate 
of  registration  issued  by  the  Department  of  Registration 
and  Education."  This  means  in  short  that  schools  which 
in  the  past  have  represented  themselves  as  colleges  and 
universities  will  now  be  forced  to  show  just  what  they 
have  to  offer  to  prospective  students,  and  the  State  will 
see  that  these  schools  are  in  a  position  to  supply  the 
promised  training  before  a  license  is  issued  to  them.  The 
various  agencies   receiving  complaints   from   students   in 


PROGRESS  81 

the  past,  are  unanimous  in  their  praise  of  this  law.  This 
Division  is  interested  in  it  from  the  standpoint  of  em- 
ployment, for,  as  noted  in  its  report  on  trade  schools,  the 
latter,  separated  from  the  licensed  private  employment 
agencies,  can  now  be  prevented  from  selling  the  student 
a  job,  when  he  believes  that  he  is  buying  a  training  course. 
The  value  of  this  law  cannot  be  fully  realized  by  the 
average  citizen,  but  to  the  boy  in  the  small  community, 
who  in  the  past  has  been  lured  to  the  city  by  the  elaborate 
advertising  and  promises  of  these  trade  schools  in  Chi- 
cago, it  will  afford  protection  from  the  faker,  and  it  will 
also  compel  the  licensed  school  to  be  properly  equipped 
to  teach  and  train  the  students  who  enroll. 

DIVISION  OF  FACTORY  INSPECTION 

W.  H.  Curran,  Chief  Factory  Inspector 
In  1893  the  first  regular  report  on  Factory  Inspection 
in  Illinois  was  made  to  the  Governor.  From  that  time 
until  1917  the  Factory  Inspection  service  existed  as  a 
separate  State  department,  but  the  Civil  Administrative 
Code  enacted  in  1917  empowered  the  Department  of  La- 
bor to  exercise  the  duties  of  the  Factory  Inspection  ser- 
vice. In  practice  these  duties  have  been  delegated  by  the 
Director  of  Labor  to  the  Chief  Factory  Inspector. 

The  laws  which  are  enforced  by  the  Division  of  Fac- 
tory Inspection  are  listed  below,  somewhat  in  the  order 
of  their  importance  in  the  work  of  the  Division: 

Child  labor  law 

Women's  ten-hour  law 

Health,  safety  and  comfort  law 

Bedding  law 

Blower  law 

Structural  law 

Wash  house  law 

Occupational  disease  law 

Garment  law 

1.     Child  Labor  Law 

This  law  is  designed  to  keep  children  under  14  years 
of  age  out  of  employment  in  industry  and  trade.     It  does 


82  ILLINOIS 

not  apply  to  agriculture  or  domestic  service.  Supple- 
mented by  the  compulsory  school  attendance  law,  its  in- 
tent is  not  only  to  prevent  growing  children  from  too 
early  and  harmful  employment  but  also  to  guarantee  to 
them  the  leisure  to  attend  school.  The  child  labor  law 
also  requires  that  children  14  to  16  years  of  age  have  em- 
ployment certificates  before  they  may  work.  This  pro- 
vision is  intended  to  guarantee  that  a  child  under  16  years 
of  age  who  goes  to  work  shall  have  had  at  least  six  grades 
of  schooling  and  shall  be  employed  in  an  occupation 
which  is  not  dangerous  and  which  is  suited  to  his  physi- 
cal development  at  the  time  he  starts  to  work.  Before  a 
child  under  16  years  is  granted  a  certificate  he  must  prove 
that  he  is  at  least  14  years  old  and  has  finished  at  least 
the  sixth  grade  in  school ;  he  must  present  a  promise  of 
employment  from  his  prospective  employer;  and  he  must 
pass  a  physical  examination. 

The  Division  of  Factory  Inspection  is  responsible 
for  interpreting  the  provisions  of  the  law  and  for  inspect- 
ing those  establishments  which  are  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  child  labor  law.  It  also  prosecutes  violators  of 
the  law.  The  issuance  of  employment  certificates  is  per- 
formed by  local  school  superintendents  or  their  author- 
ized representatives,  but  a  copy  of  every  certificate  issued 
has  to  be  sent  to  the  Division  of  Factory  Inspection. 

2.     Women's  Ten-Hour  Law 

In  specified  occupations  women  in  Illinois  may  not 
work  more  than  ten  hours  a  day.  No  limitation  is  set 
to  the  number  of  hours  or  days  per  week  which  women 
may  work.  Technically,  therefore,  women  may  be  em- 
ployed as  long  as  seventy  hours  a  week.  Actually,  very 
few  cases  of  such  long  hours  are  found.  Small  estab- 
lishments which  are  open  evenings  are  likely  to  be  the 
worst  violators  of  the  ten-hour  law. 

The  Division  of  Factory  Inspection  inspects  the 
establishments  under  this  law  to  see  that  time  records  are 
kept,  to  discover  violations  and,  if  necessary,  to  prosecute 
the  violators. 


PROGRESS  83 

3.     Health,  Safety  and  Comfort  Law 

This  law  endeavors  to  set  standards  for  the  safety 
and  health  of  the  workers  in  factories,  mercantile  estab- 
lishments, mills  and  workshops.  It  deals  with  machin- 
ery, sanitation  and  ventilation.  The  Chief  Factory  In- 
spector has  tried  to  cooperate  with  manufacturers  of  new 
machinery  in  order  to  be  sure  that  new  machinery  is  up 
to  the  standard  set  by  the  law. 

4.     Bedding  Law 

Although  this  is  not  a  law  primarily  for  the  benefit 
of  the  worker,  in  a  secondary  sense  it  is  for  the  conserva- 
tion of  the  public  health,  and  its  enforcement  has  been 
assigned  by  the  Legislature  to  the  Chief  Factory  Inspec- 
tor. 

The  law  provides  that  all  bedding  sold  in  Illinois 
shall  be  marked  by  a  label  or  tag  which  shows  whether 
the  material  of  which  the  bedding  is  made  is  new  or  used. 

5.     Blower  Law 

The  Blower  law  is  an  Act  requiring  the  use  of  blow- 
ers upon  metal  polishing  machinery  in  order  to  protect 
the  workers  by  carrying  off  the  dust.  Unfortunately,  the 
Act  does  not  apply  to  small  shops  employing  not  more 
than  one  man  in  such  work. 

6.  Structural  Law 
This  law  provides  for  the  safety  of  persons  in  and 
about  the  construction,  repairing,  alteration,  or  removal 
of  buildings,  viaducts,  and  other  structures.  Its  enforce- 
ment is  shared  by  the  Division  of  Factory  Inspection  with 
local  authorities  having  jurisdiction  over  building  laws. 

7.  Wash  House  Law 
Owners  and  operators  of  coal  mines,  steel  mills, 
foundries,  machine  shops  and  similar  businesses  in  which 
employees  necessarily  become  covered  with  grease,  dirt 
and  perspiration  are  required  to  provide  for  their  work- 
ers   wash    rooms    with    lockers,    facilities    for    changing 


84  ILLINOIS 

clothes,  and  showers.     These  rooms  must  be  heated  dur- 
ing cold  weather. 

8.     Occupational  Disease  Law 

This  is  an  important  law  in  protecting  workers  in 
establishments  where  certain  substances  or  poisons  speci- 
fied in  the  law  are  handled  which  may  cause  occupational 
disease.  The  Division  of  Factory  Inspection  inspects 
such  establishments  and  also  investigates  individual  cases 
of  occupational  disease.  Compulsory  monthly  examina- 
tions of  employees  in  these  establishments  are  required 
and  are  reported  to  the  State  Board  of  Health  which  sub- 
mits a  copy  of  the  reports  to  the  Division  of  Factory  In- 
spection. 

The  law  needs  to  be  made  more  general  in  order  that 
more  workers  exposed  to  poisonous  substances  may  be 
protected.  Since  this  law  was  passed,  many  more  sub- 
stances, fumes  and  dusts  have  been  found  to  be  injurious 
to  health  of  the  workers,  and  new  industries  have  arisen 
which  should  be  included  under  the  law. 

9.     Garment  Law 

This  law  regulates  the  manufacture  of  clothing  in 
dwellings.  The  Division  of  Factory  Inspection  shares 
responsibility  for  its  enforcement  with  the  State  Board  of 
Health.  The  provisions  of  the  child  labor  law  and  of  the 
health,  safety  and  comfort  law  give  greater  authority  to 
the  Division  of  Factory  Inspection  than  does  the  garment 
law ;  therefore  inspections  to  enforce  the  garment  law  are 
made  under  these  laws  rather  than  under  the  garment 
law  itself. 

Codes 

In  several  of  its  annual  reports,  the  Division  of  Fac- 
tory Inspection  has  urged  the  development  of  administra- 
tive codes  in  the  enactment  of  labor  legislation.  Condi- 
tions in  industry  have  been  changing  rapidly,  and  the 
labor  laws  passed  some  years  ago  are  no  longer  adequate. 
With  the  best  of  intentions,  legislatures  are  not  sufficiently 
acquainted  in  detail  with  the  technical  conditions  in  the 


PROGRESS  85 

industries  which  they  are  regulating  by  law  to  be  able  to 
formulate  the  exact  measures  by  which  workers  are  to 
be  protected. 

To  meet  this  situation,  some  states  have  passed  gen- 
eral legislation  in  respect  to  safety  or  other  subjects,  but 
have  granted  the  power  to  decide  upon  the  specific  re- 
quirements to  the  board  in  charge  of  the  administration 
of  the  law.  Sometimes  the  details  are  worked  out  and 
agreed  upon  by  conferences  of  representatives  of  employ- 
ers and  employees.  After  decisions  are  made,  they  are 
given  the  force  of  law.  Changes  are  made,  when  neces- 
sary, in  the  codes  thus  developed  with  greater  ease  and 
with  what  are  probably  more  satisfactory  results  than 
would  be  the  case  when  the  Legislature  has  to  change 
details  in  the  laws. 

THE  INDUSTRIAL  COMMISSION 

William  M.  Scanlan,  Chairman 

The  work  of  the  Industrial  Commission  is  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act  on 
behalf  of  injured  workers.  Typically,  the  manner  in 
which  a  case  comes  before  the  Commission  is  as  follows : 
A  workman  is  injured  during  the  course  of  his  employ- 
ment. He  must  notify  his  employer  of  the  accident  with- 
in thirty  days  in  order  to  be  entitled  to  compensation. 
The  employer,  in  turn,  is  required  by  law  to  supply  the 
injured  wage  earner  with  necessary  medical,  surgical  and 
hospital  services  and  also  additional  compensation.  In 
the  vast  majority  of  cases,  no  difficulty  arises  over  the 
application  of  the  law — the  employer  and  employee  are 
able  to  reach  a  mutually  satisfactory  settlement.  But 
occasionally,  the  employer  and  the  injured  employee  are 
unable  to  agree  in  regard  to  the  amount  of  compensation 
due.  In  that  case,  one  of  the  dissatisfied  parties  files 
with  the  Industrial  Commission  an  application  for  adjust- 
ment of  his  claim  through  arbitration.  There  are  ten 
arbitrators  in  the  service  of  the  Commission  who  devote 


86  ILLINOIS 

all  of  their  time  to  hearing  evidence  on  disputed  cases. 
The  work  of  the  arbitrators  is  divided  geographically  as 
follows :  Seven  of  the  ten  arbitrators  are  stationed  at 
Chicago ;  five  of  these  spend  practically  all  of  their  time 
hearing  cases  in  Chicago,  and  the  other  two  make  such 
trips  into  the  rest  of  the  State  as  are  necessary.  Of  the 
three  remaining  arbitrators,  one  has  his  headquarters  at 
Peoria,  one  at  Harrisburg  and  one  at  East  St.  Louis. 
Each  of  the  arbitrators  at  these  three  centers  has  a  regular 
itinerary  for  the  territory  adjacent  to  his  headquarters, 
planned  in  such  a  manner  that  he  holds  monthly  hearings 
at  various  towns  and  cities. 

At  the  hearing,  witnesses  and,  commonly,  attorneys 
appear,  and  of  course  the  injured  employee  if  it  is  pos- 
sible for  him  to  do  so.  It  is  a  common  practice  to  have 
the  employee  examined  before  the  hearing  in  order  to 
discover  scientifically  the  exact  nature  and  extent  of  the 
injury,  for  often  the  dispute  is  concerning  the  extent  to 
which  the  employee's  earning  power  has  been  diminished 
by  the  partial  loss  of  the  use  of  one  of  his  members. 
Those  who  give  evidence  are  sworn  and  testimony  is 
heard  from  both  sides.  As  soon  as  a  decision  is  reached 
by  the  arbitrator,  he  files  it  with  the  Industrial  Commis- 
sion, and  the  Commission  at  once  sends  a  copy  of  the 
decision  to  each  party  or  to  his  attorney. 

Upon  receipt  of  a  copy  of  the  arbitration  decision, 
such  decision  becomes  binding  on  both  parties  as  the  de- 
cision of  the  Commission — unless  a  party  who  is  dissatis- 
fied with  the  award  files  within  15  days  of  receipt  of  the 
arbitration  decision  a  petition  for  review,  and  within  20 
days  an  agreed  statement  of  the  facts  brought  out  at  the 
arbitration,  or  a  correct  stenographic  report  of  the  arbi- 
tration proceedings. 

If  the  procedure  just  indicated  is  complied  with,  the 
Industrial  Commission  is  required  by  law  to  review  the 
arbitrator's  decision  promptly.  The  hearing  on  review 
usually  is  held  before  one  member  of  the  Commission. 
But  either  party  may  demand — and  this  is  frequently  the 


PROGRESS  87 

case — an  oral  argument  before  not  less  than  a  majority 
of  the  Commission.  At  the  review  hearing,  in  addition  to 
the  agreed  statement  of  facts  or  stenographic  report  of 
the  original  arbitration  hearing,  further  evidence  may  be 
offered  by  either  party.  Continuous  hearings  are  held  at 
Chicago  and  usually  monthly  at  Springfield,  East  St. 
Louis,  Danville,  Decatur,  Peoria,  LaSalle  and  Harris- 
burg.  Occasional  hearings  are  held  at  Rock  Island,  Cairo, 
Rockford,  Freeport,  Joliet  and  at  other  places  where  there 
are  a  sufficient  number  of  cases  to  justify  it. 

After  a  review  hearing,  the  Commission  files  in  its 
office  the  decision  in  the  case  and  immediately  sends  to 
each  party  or  his  attorney,  a  copy  of  the  decision.  If 
either  party  feels  dissatisfied  with  the  decision,  he  may 
obtain  from  the  Circuit  Court  a  writ  of  certiorari  to  the 
Industrial  Commission  which  gives  the  Circuit  Court 
power  to  review  all  questions  of  law  and  fact  that  are 
contained  in  the  record  of  the  hearing  before  the  Commis- 
sion. The  Circuit  Court  may  confirm  or  set  aside  the 
decision  of  the  Industrial  Commission.  If  the  decision 
is  set  aside,  "the  court  may  enter  such  decision  as  is 
justified  by  law  or  may  remand  the  cause  to  the  Indus- 
trial Commission  for  further  proceedings  and  may  state 
the  questions  requiring  further  hearing,  and  give  such 
other  instructions  as  may  be  proper." 

A  final  step  provided  by  the  Workmen's  Compensa- 
tion Act  for  the  disposition  of  disputed  cases  is  that 
judgments  and  orders  by  the  Circuit  Court  may  be  re- 
viewed by  the  Illinois  Supreme  Court  upon  a  writ  of 
error  "which  the  Supreme  Court  in  its  discretion  may 
order  to  issue."  Some  of  the  decisions  of  the  Supreme 
Court  are  of  fundamental  importance  in  interpreting  the 
provisions  of  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act.  More 
than  450  workmen's  compensation  cases  have  been  re- 
viewed by  the  Illinois  Supreme  Court. 

In  this  process  of  administration  the  Commission 
has  attempted  to  give  the  employers  and  employees  such 
an  understanding  of  the  act  and  its  operation  that  it  will 


88  ILLINOIS 

tend  to  work  automatically — questions  of  compensation 
being  settled  directly  by  the  parties  involved.  The  extent 
to  which  this  has  been  done  is  indicated  by  the  accom- 
panying diagram. 

Thus  in  1926,  of  the  58,000  compensable  accidents, 
more  than  80  per  cent  were  settled  without  dispute.  Of 
the  remaining  11,000,  which  involved  claims  for  arbitra- 
tion, only  3,400  were  heard  by  arbitrators,  the  remainder 
having  been  decided  by  the  interested  parties  prior  to  the 
arbitration  hearings.  Finally,  2,100  of  the  arbitrators' 
decisions  were  accepted  as  given,  leaving  only  1,300  (2 
per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  compensable  accidents) 
coming  up  for  review  before  the  Commission.  Most  of 
the  cases  appealed  from  the  Commission  to  the  Circuit  or 
Supreme  Courts  have  been  confirmed. 

The  Commission  is  assisted  by  its  Medical  Depart- 
ment which,  when  necessary,  conducts  a  free  examination 
of  the  injured  and  reports  its  findings  to  the  Commis- 
sioners, thus  permitting  an  impartial  conclusion  as  far  as 
the  nature  and  extent  of  the  injury  is  concerned,  which 
is  essential  to  determining  the  amount  of  compensation 
warranted  by  the  case. 

Through  its  Securities  Department  the  Industrial 
Commission  undertakes  to  make  certain  that  all  employers 
subject  to  the  Compensation  Act  make  adequate  provision 
for  the  payment  of  compensation  to  their  employees  in 
case  of  accidents.  The  employer  may  elect  to  carry  his 
own  risk,  in  which  case  a  sworn  statement  of  his  financial 
condition,  approved  by  the  Commission,  is  necessary ;  or 
to  file  a  bond,  or  deposit  satisfactory  securities,  sufficient 
to  cover  losses,  with  the  Commission ;  or,  finally,  to  insure 
his  compensation  liability  in  some  insurance  company 
licensed  by  the  State.  This  third  method  is  the  one  usually 
adopted  and  necessitates  the  examination  of  the  insuring 
companies  to  determine  their  financial  status.  Forty-nine 
such  examinations  were  made  in  1926. 

The  extent  of  the  Securities  Department's  work  is 
indicated  by  the  number  of  employers,  who,  coming  un- 


PROGRESS 


89 


OPERA  T/OA/OE 

WORK  MENS  CO/iPE/ttAT/ON  ACT 

/320-/S27 


/S20-2/  192/- 2Z  & 22-23  /#23-24  /224-2S  /#2S~26 &26'2? 

WBCom pens  able  /4 cade  tits     ttlLLlA  Arh/  fra  tio/)  />ec/s/'cns 


fSSS&Arbitra  Hon  C/wms 


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(not  ava/ '/a6/e  for  /£teO -2 2) 


90  ILLINOIS 

der  the  Compensation  Act,  are  constantly  checked  to  see 
that  they  are  properly  insured — notices  of  policies  and 
their  termination  being  sent  to  the  Commission  for  each 
employer  by  his  insuring  company : 

TABLE  1 

Number  of  employers  making 
arrangements  through  Securities 
Year  ending  Dept.  for  Compensation  payment. 

June  30,  1921  68,000 

1922  73,500 

1923  85,000 

1924  96,000 

1925  113,000 

1926  140,000 

The  Workmen's  Compensation  Act,  around  which  i 
centers  the  work  of  the  Industrial  Commission,  has  under- 
gone modifications  at  practically  every  General  Assembly 
since  1921,  although  there  were  none  materially  affecting 
labor  prior  to  1925.  Dating  all  references  back  to  1921, 
the  following  is  a  brief  outline  of  important  changes : 

1.  Scope.  The  scope  of  the  Act  as  regards  the 
types  of  employments  automatically  covered  remained 
unchanged  until  1925.  In  that  year  the  scope  was  ex- 
tended to  include  all  accidents  which  occurred  outside  of 
Illinois,  provided  the  employment  contract  was  entered 
into  in  Illinois.  An  addition  to  the  employments  auto- 
matically under  the  Act  was  made  in  the  same  year,  so 
as  to  include  accidents  in  connection  with  aerial  service 
and  loading  and  unloading  connected  with  such  service. 

In  1927,  two  more  types  of  employment  not  previ- 
ously covered  were  included,  that  connected  with  the  "lay- 
ing out  or  improvement  of  subdivisions  of  tracts  of  land," 
and,  secondly,  "any  enterprise  for  the  treatment  of  cross 
ties,  switch  ties,  telegraph  poles,  timber  or  other  wood, 
with  creosote  or  other  preservatives." 

2.  Medical  attention.  Prior  to  1925,  the  em- 
ployers' liability  for  medical  and  surgical  expenses  for  an 
industrial  accident  was  limited  to  a  period  not  to  exceed  8 
weeks,  nor  to  exceed  an  amount  of  $200.     In  1925,  this 


PROGRESS  91 

limitation  was  removed.  The  employee  is  now  entitled  to 
all  medical,  surgical  and  hospital  services  which  are  neces- 
sary reasonably  to  cure  or  relieve  him  from  the  effects  of 
the  injury.  He  is  also  entitled,  since  July  1,  1925,  to  an 
artificial  arm,  hand,  leg,  foot  or  eye  if  he  has  lost  his  own 
in  an  accident.  The  Act  effective  July  1,  1927,  also  in- 
cludes the  replacement  of  teeth. 

3.  Compensation.  Changes  have  been  made  in  the 
amounts  of  compensation  payable  for  various  types  of 
accidents  so  as  to  keep  these  payments  commensurate 
with  changed  prices  and  adjusted  so  that  they  will  rep- 
resent equitable  compensation.  The  following  tables 
show  these  changes.  Table  2  presents  the  increases  in 
the  maximum  and  minimum  weekly  compensation  pay- 
ments, specified  by  the  law,  according  to  the  number  of 
dependent  children  of  the  injured  employee,  and  by  the 
year  the  given  change  in  the  Act  was  made. 

TABLE  2 
MINIMUM  AND  MAXIMUM  WEEKLY  COMPENSATION 
PAYMENTS 
Minimum 
Children 
under  16 
years 

1919        1921        1923        1925        1927 

0     $  7.00     $  7.50     $  7.50     $  7.50     $  7.50 

1     8.00         8.50         8.50       11.00       11.00 

2     9.00         9.50         9.50       12.00       12.00 

3     10.00       10.50       10.50       13.00       13.00 

4  or  more 10.00       10.50       10.50       14.00       14.00 

Maximum. 

0     $12.00     $14.00     $14.00     $14.00     $14.00 

1     13.00       15.00       15.00       15.00       15.00 

2     14.00       16.00       16.00       16.00       16.00 

3    15.00       17.00       17.00       18.00       18.00 

4  or  more 15.00       17.00       17.00       19.00       19.00 

The  increases  in  compensation  allowed  for  specific 
losses  or  losses  of  use  are  indicated  in  the  following  table. 
Note  that  in  this  case  compensation  is  expressed  in  the 
number  of  weeks  during  which  the  injured  employee  is 
entitled  to  weekly  compensation  payments.  The  first 
change  in  this  type  of  compensation  was  made  in  1925. 


92 


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94  ILLINOIS 

Table  4  shows  the  amounts  to  which  widows  and 
children  under  16  are  entitled  if  the  employee  is  killed. 
The  same  table  applies  when  an  employee  is  permanently 
and  totally  disabled. 

The  Mediators  and  Conciliators,  functioning  in  in- 
dustrial disputes  under  the  Voluntary  Arbitration  Law, 
were  placed  by  the  Code  under  the  supervision  of  the 
Industrial  Commission.  Their  work  has  been  that  of 
hearing  the  cases  of  the  two  parties  in  labor  disagree- 
ments, attempting  to  arrive  at  some  decision  which  will 
be  sufficiently  satisfactory  to  prevent  an  interruption  of 
the  normal  operation  of  industry.  The  extent  of  this  work 
is  of  course  dependent  upon  business  conditions,  industrial 
friction  usually  accompanying  discrepancies  between 
wages  and  price-level  movements. 

During  1920-1921  the  Mediators  and  Conciliators 
reported  that  eleven  actual  or  threatened  strikes  had  been 
averted  through  their  efforts.  The  following  two  years 
saw  strikes  which  involved  large  numbers  of  wage  earners 
and  consumers.  For  the  years  1923-1926,  although  there 
was  relatively  little  labor  trouble,  two  serious  strikes  were 
threatened,  that  in  the  Illinois  Traction  System  and  that 
of  the  coal  teamsters  and  chauffeurs  in  Chicago,  both 
of  which  were  reported  by  the  Mediators  as  settled. 


PROGRESS  95 


Department  of  Mines 
and  Minerals 

A.  D.  Lewis,  Director 

THE  DEPARTMENT  of  mines  and  Minerals  was 
organized  immediately  after  July  1,  1917,  under  the 

Civil  Administrative  Code,  by  which  it  was  given  the 
authority  to  exercise  the  rights,  powers  and  duties  hereto- 
fore invested  by  law  in  the  State  Mining  Board,  the  State 
Mine  Inspectors,  the  Miners*  Examining  Commission,  the 
Mine  Fire  Fighting  and  Rescue  Commission  and  also 
other  powers,  rights  and  duties. 

Under  this  Department  have  been  organized  the 
following  divisions : 

(1)  General  Office. 

(2)  Inspection. 

(3)  Miners'  Examination. 

(4)  Mine  Rescue  and  First  Aid. 

(5)  Economic  Investigation. 

(6)  Fluorspar. 

The  General  Office  Division  has  charge  of  the  clerical 
work  of  all  other  Divisions  and  through  it  all  statistical 
reports  are  collected,  tabulated  and  printed  in  one  volume, 
known  as  the  Annual  Coal  Report.    Under  this  Division, 

,  also,  examinations  are  held  by  the  State  Mining  Board  of 
all  persons  seeking  certificates  of  competency  as  inspectors 
of  mines,  mine  managers,  hoisting  engineers  and  mine 

:  examiners.  This  Board  consists  of  four  members  ap- 
pointed by  the  Governor,  of  which  the  Director  of  the 

I  Department  of  Mines  and  Minerals  is  executive  officer. 

The  Division  of  Inspection  is  composed  of  thirteen 

State  Inspectors,  one  Inspector  for  each  of  the  twelve  dis- 

\  tricts  into  which  the  State  is  divided,  and  one  Inspector- 
at-Large,  whose  duty  it  is  to  inspect  all  mines  in  the 


96 


ILLINOIS 


PROGRESS 


97 


Mine  rescue  team  practicing  first  aid  to  the  injured  as  taught 
at  the  Illinois  mine  rescue  stations 


Mine   Rescue   Station,    Springfield 


98  ILLINOIS 

State  at  least  once  every  six  months,  and  oftener  if  neces- 
sary. 

These  inspections  are  carefully  made  and  show  the 
condition  of  the  mine,  together  with  recommendations  for 
correcting  defects,  if  any.  Reports  are  made  on  blanks 
furnished  for  that  purpose.  One  copy  is  posted  at  the 
mine  and  another  sent  to  the  General  Office.  The  latter 
is  placed  on  file  for  future  reference. 

It  is  also  the  duty  of  the  Inspectors  to  investigate  all 
fatal  and  serious  accidents  at  the  mines,  to  collect  and 
forward  to  the  General  Office  all  reports  required  by  law 
to  be  made,  and  to  enforce,  through  the  proper  channel, 
all  laws  respecting  the  operation  of  coal  mines. 

The  Miners'  Examination  Division  is  composed  of 
four  members  appointed  by  the  Governor,  known  as  the 
Miners'  Examining  Board,  whose  duty  it  is  to  examine 
all  persons  seeking  certificates  of  competency  as  coal 
miners.  In  performing  this  duty  the  Board  holds  twelve 
meetings  each  month  in  as  many  different  places  in  the 
coal  fields  of  the  State. 

The  Mine  Rescue  and  First  Aid  Division  is  charged 
with  the  duties  of  fighting  mine  fires  and  of  saving  lives 
and  property  jeopardized  by  fires,  explosions,  or  other 
accidents  in  the  mines,  and  with  rendering  aid  to  the  in- 
jured. To  carry  out  these  provisions,  there  were  created 
by  an  Act  of  the  General  Assembly  approved  March  4, 
1910,  three  rescue  stations  to  serve  the  northern,  central 
and  southern  coal  fields  of  the  State. 

Soon  after  the  passage  of  the  Act,  stations  were 
established  at  LaSalle,  Springfield  and  Benton.  In  De- 
cember, 1914,  sub-stations  were  provided  at  Harrisburg 
and  Herrin,  and  later  one  at  DuQuoin.  These  were  made 
regular  stations  July  1,  1917.  The  Fifty-fifth  General 
Assembly,  by  Acts  approved  June  1,  and  July  6,  1927, 
respectively,  provided  for  the  establishment  of  a  station 
at  Belleville  and  one  at  Johnston  City.  Each  of  these 
stations  is  in  charge  of  a  Superintendent  having  under  his 
control  a  class  of  men  known  as  the  Mine  Rescue  Team 


PROGRESS  99 

which  is  ready  at  all  times  to  respond  to  a  call  for  help. 
At  these  stations  instructions  are  given  in  mine  rescue 
methods  and  in  rendering  first  aid  to  the  injured. 

The  Division  of  Economic  Investigation  was  organ- 
ized in  1917  and  is  in  charge  of  an  Investigator  who  is 
appointed  by  the  Governor.  This  officer  is  charged  with 
the  duty  of  making  inquiry  into  the  economic  conditions 
affecting  the  production  of  all  minerals  except  coal,  fluor- 
spar, lead  and  zinc,  and  with  assisting  in  the  investigation 
of  mine  disasters. 

The  Fifty-second  General  Assembly,  by  Act  ap- 
proved June  29,  1921,  effective  January  1,  1922,  passed 
what  is  known  as  the  Mines-Inspection  Act.  This  law 
applies  to  the  mining  of  minerals  other  than  that  of  coal 
and  those  coming  under  the  Division  of  Economic  In- 
vestigation and  at  the  present  time  is  confined  to  fluor- 
spar, lead  and  zinc  mines. 

In  January,  1922,  the  Division  of  Fluorspar  was 
organized  under  the  Act  above  cited  and  an  officer  was 
appointed  by  the  Governor  to  have  charge  of  the  enforce- 
ment of  its  provisions  through  the  proper  channels. 

Work  Accomplished 

A  brief  review  of  the  work  of  the  various  divisions 
of  the  Department  of  Mines  and  Minerals  during  the 
seven  and  a  half  years  (to  June  30,  1928)  that  Governor 
Small  has  been  the  Chief  Executive  of  the  State  is  given 
by  Divisions. 

General  Office 

In  addition  to  compiling  and  tabulating  reports  of 
the  Department  and  disposing  of  all  complaints  and 
charges  brought  before  it,  the  Mining  Board  has  held 
twenty-nine  examinations  during  the  time  above  speci- 
fied, and  as  a  result  of  these  examinations  70  men 
received  certificates  of  competency  for  State  Inspector 
of  Mines,  1,4-19  for  Mine  Manager,  813  for  Hoisting 
Engineer,  and  1,206  for  Mine  Examiner.  A  record  of 
all  examinations  is  kept  in  this  office  and  a  card  index 


100  ILLINOIS 

made  of  all  persons  passing  these  tests.  A  card  index 
is  made  for  all  fatalities  in  the  mines  and  also  for  all 
persons  completing  the  course  in  mine  rescue  methods 
and  first  aid  to  the  injured.  The  names  of  those  who  pass 
the  test  for  practical  miner  are  recorded  and  kept  on  file. 
The  records  and  files  of  this  office  are  kept  in  an  up-to- 
date  and  businesslike  way. 

INSPECTION  DIVISION 

The  work  of  this  Division  can  be  given  here  only 
in  a  summarized  statement.  During  the  time  covered  by 
this  report  the  twelve  Inspectors  worked  an  average  of 
1,435  days,  or  a  yearly  average  of  284  days.  They  made 
a  total  of  10,766  inspections,  or  113  inspections  each,  per 
year.  Other  duties,  such  as  testing  scales,  investigating 
accidents,  hearing  and  passing  upon  complaints,  and  act- 
ing in  an  advisory  capacity  with  mine  officials  and  employ- 
ees, require  a  large  part  of  the  time  of  each  Inspector. 
It  is  very  gratifying  to  the  Department  that  the  work  of 
the  Division  has  been  so  free  from  complaint  or  criticism. 

Miners'  Examination 

The  work  of  this  Division  is  confined  to  passing 
upon  the  qualification  of  persons  as  practical  miners. 
During  the  seven  and  a  half  years  of  Governor  Small's 
administration  the  Board  has  held  1,024  examinations, 
issued  43,941  certificates  to  qualified  miners  and  collected 
in  fees  $87,882. 

The  tests  made  by  the  Board  are  along  practical 
lines  and  emphasis  is  placed  on  carefulness  in  avoiding 
and  remedying  dangerous  places  and  impressing  the  ap- 
plicant with  the  fact  that  his  own  safety  and  that  of  his 
fellow  workmen  rests  in  a  great  measure  upon  him. 

The  result  of  this  method  on  the  part  of  the  Board  is 
reflected  in  the  lessening  of  the  ratio  of  accidents  to  the 
amount  of  coal  produced. 


PROGRESS  101 

MINE  RESCUE  DIVISION 

There  are  now  eight  mine  rescue  stations  in  the  State, 
but  two  of  them  were  so  recently  established  that  they 
are  not  included  in  the  work  accomplished  by  this  Di- 
vision. Therefore  the  summary  of  the  work  done  since 
1921  is  credited  to  the  stations  located  at  LaSalle,  Spring- 
field, Benton,  Eldorado,  Herrin  and  DuQuoin. 

These  stations  are  in  charge  of  a  Superintendent  who 
has  under  his  command  a  team  of  five  men  well  trained 
in  mine  rescue  methods,  ready  to  respond  on  call  wher- 
ever help  is  needed.  Calls  for  help  come  frequently  from 
places  other  than  coal  mines  and  are  readily  responded  to 
in  each  case.  During  the  time  covered  by  this  report  a 
great  number  of  these  miscellaneous  calls  were  made  and 
in  some  instances  lives  have  been  saved.  Since  1921  a 
number  of  mine  disasters  caused  by  gas  explosions,  mine 
fires,  etc.,  have  occurred  in  which  several  lives  were  lost. 
In  all  of  these  cases,  invaluable  service  was  rendered  by 
the  mine  rescue  teams  in  rescuing  imprisoned  men,  ad- 
ministering first  aid  to  the  injured,  recovering  the  bodies 
of  the  dead  and  saving  the  properties. 

Next  to  the  importance  of  saving  lives  and  property 
and  aiding  the  injured  is  the  training  of  men  and  women 
in  the  most  scientific  methods  of  rescue  and  first  aid 
work.  During  the  past  seven  and  a  half  years  2,962  men 
have  received  training  in  the  most  approved  methods  of 
mine  rescue  and  30,189  men  and  3,002  women  have  been 
certified  as  completing  the  course  of  instruction  in  ad- 
ministering first  aid  to  the  injured.  The  interest  in  this 
work  is  growing  rapidly.  Operators  are  becoming  en- 
thused over  its  importance  and  are  lending  all  the  aid  pos- 
sible in  promoting  this  work.  As  a  result  of  a  campaign 
inaugurated  by  this  Department  two  years  ago,  25,499 
men  and  women  have  received  training  and  14  of  our 
largest  mines  have  become  100  per  cent  proficient  in  this 
work.  That  is,  every  employee  in  these  mines  has  been 
trained.     To  the  companies  reaching  100  per  cent  effi- 


102  ILLINOIS 

ciency  the  Department  issues  a  certificate  showing  the 

fact. 

During  the  present  administration  mine  rescue  teams 
from  this  State  have  won  first  prize  in  three  International 
Contests.  The  Benton  team  was  awarded  the  prize  in 
both  mine  rescue  and  first  aid  at  Salt  Lake  City.  The 
Belleville  team  won  the  contest  in  both  events  at  Spring- 
field, and  a  team  organized  by  the  Madison  Coal  Corpora- 
tion graded  above  all  other  teams  in  mine  rescue  methods 
at  the  contest  held  in  San  Francisco. 

The  importance  of  this  work  cannot  be  over-esti- 
mated and  it  is  gratifying  to  see  the  interest  and  enthusi- 
asm displayed  by  the  operators  as  well  as  the  men 
themselves. 

Economic  Investigation 

This  Division,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Investi- 
gator, is  charged  by  law  with  the  duty  of  inquiring  into 
the  conditions  relative  to  the  production  of  all  mineral 
substances  except  coal,  fluorspar,  lead  and  zinc.  The 
recognized  industries  under  this  Division  are  classified 
as  limestone,  oil  and  gas,  sand  and  gravel,  shale  and  clay, 
and  silica.  The  Investigator  keeps  in  touch  with  the 
proprietors  of  these  industries,  advises  them  in  regard  to 
working  conditions  and  improved  methods,  when  called 
upon.  He  collects  annual  reports  of  production  and  con- 
dition of  the  various  plants  of  each  industry,  which  he 
sends  to  the  General  Office  for  tabulation  and  publica- 
tion. The  fact  that  one,  or  more,  of  these  industries  is 
found  in  each  of  the  72  counties  of  the  State  indicates 
the  large  amount  of  work  that  must  be  done  each  year  by 
the  officer  in  charge  of  this  Division. 

A  brief  summary  of  the  activities  of  these  industries 
may  be  of  interest  and  value,  and  is  here  given  as  a  yearly 
average  for  the  last  seven  and  a  half  years. 

Limestone:  The  average  annual  production  from 
forty-seven  quarries,  8,611,495  tons.  Average  number  of 
men  employed,  4,648. 


PROGRESS  103 

Oil  and  Gas:  Average  number  of  wells,  14,679. 
Employees,  1,610.  Production,  7,972,932  barrels  of  oil, 
and  1,812,217,000  cubic  feet  of  gas  annually. 

Sand  and  Gravel:  Eighty-eight  pits,  working  783 
men,  produced  6,471,864  tons  as  an  annual  average. 

Shale  and  Clay:  Average  tons  produced,  3,344,758 
from  ninety-one  plants,  employing  5,320  men. 

Silica:  The  annual  average  for  this  industry  is  six- 
teen plants,  365  employees,  and  1,131,618  tons. 

Fluorspar 

This  Division  was  organized  in  January,  1922 ;  hence 
the  work  here  outlined  is  for  six  and  one  half  instead  of 
seven  and  one  half  years.  The  officer  in  charge  of  this 
Division  is  designated  Fluorspar  Inspector.  He  has  un- 
der his  jurisdiction  the  operation  of  all  fluorspar,  lead 
and  zinc  mines  in  the  State  and  is  charged  with  the  duty 
of  inspecting  and  enforcing  the  law  governing  the  same. 
He  visits  these  mines  at  regular  intervals  and  makes  re- 
ports on  their  condition,  methods  of  operation,  working 
conditions  inside  and  outside,  and  acts  in  an  advisory 
capacity  to  both  operators  and  employees.  Annual  re- 
ports are  collected  by  him  which  are  sent  to  the  General 
Office  to  be  tabulated  and  published.  There  is  a  great 
deal  of  prospecting  work  and  opening  of  new  mines  in 
the  fluorspar  field  of  Hardin  and  Pope  counties  and  much 
of  the  Inspector's  time  is  consumed  with  these  prospectors 
and  companies  in  conferences  and  investigations. 

The  average  yearly  production  of  these  mines  is 
shown  to  be : 

Fluorspar:     71,739  tons. 

Lead:     3,484  tons. 

Zinc:     9,414  tons. 

The  production  of  fluorspar  has  not  passed  the  ex- 
perimental stage.  The  Illinois  field  is  one  of  the  most 
important  in  the  country,  and,  when  fully  developed,  will 
add  materially  to  our  mineral  wealth.  This  Division  of 
the  Department  of  Mines  and  Minerals  will  then  become 
of  much  greater  importance. 


104  ILLINOIS 

In  Conclusion 

In  conclusion  of  this  brief  report,  attention  is  callec 
to  the  fact  that  great  progress  has  been  made  in  the  re- 
duction of  accidents,  both  fatal  and  non-fatal.  The  ratio 
of  accidents  to  the  amount  of  coal  produced  and  the  num- 
ber of  men  employed  compares  most  favorably  with  that 
of  any  other  large  coal-producing  State  in  the  Union. 
Our  explosion  hazards  have  been  reduced  very  materially. 
This  has  been  effected  by  the  efficiency  of  the  inspection 
service  and  the  installation  of  numerous  safety  devices 
and  appliances  in  many  of  our  most  dangerous  mines. 
Safety  campaigns  have  been  inaugurated  by  officials  of 
the  Department  which  are  attended  with  much  interest 
by  miners  and  mine  officials  and  various  outside  agencies 
which  have  become  interested  in  the  movement. 

The  personnel  of  the  Inspection  Service  and  the 
Mine  Rescue  Division  is  composed  of  men  who  have 
devoted  their  lives  to  the  study  of  mining  problems  and 
of  the  operation  of  mines  in  various  parts  of  this  country 
and  Europe  and  are  thoroughly  familiar  with  mining 
methods  in  this  State.  The  Department  has  also  re- 
ceived at  all  times  valuable  encouragement  and  assistance 
from  Governor  Small  and  under  his  administration  the 
number  of  mine  accidents  has  materially  lessened  and 
mining  conditions  have  been  greatly  improved. 


PROGRESS  105 


Department  of 
Public  Works  and  Buildings 

Cornelius  R.  Miller,  Director 
Don  Garrison,  Assistant  Director 

DIVISION  OF  HIGHWAYS 
Frank  T.  Sheets,  Chief  Engineer 

WHEN  Governor  Len  Small  took  office  in  January, 
1921,  there  had  been  constructed  on  the 
$60,000,000  State  Bond  Issue  System  a  little  over 
700  miles  of  hard-surfaced  pavement  out  of  the  total  mile- 
age of  approximately  4,800  miles  provided  by  law.  Condi- 
tions at  that  time  were  not  favorable  for  road  building  be- 
cause of  prevalent  high  prices,  and  the  economic  prosecu- 
tion of  a  sizable  road  program  was  seriously  handicapped. 
The  first  road  letting  under  Governor  Small's  administra- 
tion was  held  on  February  18,  1921,  on  which  date  bids 
were  taken  for  the  construction  of  a  large  mileage  of  roads 
on  this  system.  When  the  bids  were  analyzed,  it  was  found 
that  the  price  for  an  18-foot  concrete  pavement  averaged 
between  $39,000  and  $40,000  per  mile  for  work  which 
included  a  normal  amount  of  grading,  culvert,  and  bridge 
work.  The  bids  received  on  the  same  date  for  separate 
grading  and  bridge  work  were  proportionately  high. 
Governor  Small  felt  that  the  bid  prices  submitted  did  not 
reflect  prevalent  economic  conditions  and  accordingly 
rejected  all  bids  received.  In  doing  so  he  issued  a  public 
statement  to  the  effect  that  no  contracts  would  be  let  for 
an  18-foot  Portland  cement  concrete  pavement  which  in- 
cluded a  normal  amount  of  grading,  culvert,  and  bridge 
work  if  the  price  exceeded  $30,000  per  mile.  In  setting 
this  figure  he  did  not  claim  that  all  roads  on  the  system 
could  be  built  for  $30,000  per  mile.  He  fully  realized  that 
in  certain  sections  topographic  conditions  were  such  that 


106 


ILLINOIS 


Fig.  1. — Status  of  Highway  construction   January   1,   1921 


PROGRESS 


107 


Fig.  2. — Status  of  Highway  construction  July  1,  1928 


108  ILLINOIS 

deep  cuts  and  heavy  fills  must  be  made  and  large  bridges 
constructed,  that  such  work  was  expensive,  and  that  at 
times  the  total  cost  of  portions  of  the  system  would  ex- 
ceed $30,000  per  mile.  His  decision  to  reject  all  bids  re- 
ceived at  this  letting  resulted  in  a  storm  of  criticism  on 
the  part  of  certain  interests  who  did  not  understand  the 
conditions  of  the  construction  market  and  on  the  part  of 
others  who  demanded  that  the  road  construction  proceed 
regardless  of  cost.  Nevertheless,  bids  taken  subsequently 
were  well  within  the  $30,000  per  mile  limit  and  there  was 
a  corresponding  reduction  in  the  price  of  grading  and 
bridge  work.  During  the  year,  704  miles  were  awarded 
and  414  miles  were  constructed. 

World's  Record  Broken  in  1922 
The  year  1922  was  the  greatest  in  the  highway  his- 
tory of  the  State  up  to  that  time.  A  world's  record  for 
the  amount  of  hard-surfaced  pavement  laid  by  any  state 
in  any  one  year  was  established  by  the  completion  of  741 
miles  of  pavement,  directly  by  the  State  or  by  the  coun- 
ties under  State  supervision.  Of  this  mileage,  547  miles 
were  on  the  State  Bond  Issue  System.  At  the  peak  of 
the  construction  season,  the  rate  of  construction  reached 
the  high  mark  of  41  miles  per  week,  and  had  it  been  pos- 
sible to  maintain  this  rate  throughout  the  entire  season, 
a  much  greater  mileage  would  have  been  completed. 
However,  the  coal  strike,  the  rail  strike,  the  car  shortage, 
and  the  priority  orders  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Com- 
mission curtailed  work  in  mid-season  when  the  weather 
conditions  were  the  most  favorable.  In  spite  of  these 
handicaps,  the  construction  activities  forged  ahead  and 
Illinois  achieved  an  enviable  record  in  the  face  of  almost 
insurmountable  difficulties.  The  year  1922  also  marked 
the  completion  of  the  Bates  Experimental  Road  tests,  an 
epoch  in  highway  research  work.  These  tests  resulted 
in  the  adoption  of  a  standard  design  for  a  Portland 
cement  concrete  pavement  which  not  only  increased  the 
road-carrying  capacity  of  the  pavement  but  reduced  the 
first  cost  about  $1,600  per  mile. 


PROGRESS 


109 


1914 
1915 

^     53  5© 
>\\\\V1   100.27 

3& 
25 

CH  AD.T 

SHOWING 

R.0AD5     BUILT. 

—  IN   

1   L  L  1   NOI5 

■■      SrME    BONO   ISSUE   WORK 
3     365  52                                     KS      STATE  AID  OR.    15-d  W0MC 

1916 

yw\\\\N    n«.4.B 

1917 

\\\S\\\\\\\1     164. 

191  & 

1919 

I\\\\N      100.13 

1920 

1921 

■■■""■  LWWWM         4MMA 

1922 

1923 

1924 

1925 
1926 

■AV0sH       463.74. 

1921 

MILES        OF        PAVED       CO  A  OS 


Fig.  3. — Chart    showing   mileage    of   pavement    completed    from 
1914  to   1927,   inclusive 


Fig.  4. — Bond  Route  2,  Section  38.     Looking  north  from  Castle 
Rock,  Ogle  county 


110 


ILLINOIS 


Fig.  5. — View  of  modern  concrete  pavement  with  wide  shoulders 


♦;*• 


■  I  N^  i  i 

■       ■  r'   : 


imiiiffiifiiiii; 


Fig.  6. — Viaduct  over  tracks  of  Indiana  Harbor  Belt  Railroad 
at  Riverdale 


PROGRESS 


111 


Fig.  7. — Before  construction:     Bond   Route   5,   Section   25 


Fig.  8. — After  construction:     Bond  Route  5,  Section  25 


112 


ILLINOIS 


Fig.  9. — Before  construction:     Bond  Route  5,  Section  30 


Fig.  10. — After  construction:     Bond  Route   6,   Section  30 


PROGRESS 


113 


Fig.  11. — Before  construction:     Bond  Route  16,  Section  5 


Fig.  12. — After  construction:     Bond  Route  16,  Section  S 


114 


ILLINOIS 


Fig.  13. — Before  construction:     Bond  Route  36,  Section  10 


Fig.  14, — After  construction:     Bond  Route  36,  Section  10 


PROGRESS 


115 


Fig.  15. — Before  construction:     Bond  Route  3,  Section  28 


Fig.  16. — After  construction:     Bond  Route  3,  Section  28 


116 


ILLINOIS 


Pig.  17. — Before  construction:     Bond  Route  33,  Section  4 


Fig.  18. — After  construction:     Bond  Route  33,   Section   4 


PROGRESS 


117 


Fig.  19. — Before   construction:      Route   22,    Section   18 


Fig.  20. — After  construction:     Route  22,  Section  18 


118 


ILLINOIS 


Fig.  21. — Viaduct  over  tracks   of  Baltimore  &  Ohio,   Chicago  & 
Eastern  Illinois  and  Illinois  Central  Railroads  at  Tuscola 


Fig.  22. — Bridge  over  Fox  River  at  Yorkville 


PROGRESS 


119 


Fig.  23. — Bridge  over   Sangamon  River  at  Petersburg 


■HI 

PJPjijjjjjj^^                        „  «,..v-,w..^._    ™  ■         •  - 

^"mTmSrrllilf^i!} 

fl^~^^_ 

w^              __S3B 

§•  ^f 

. 

4 

A 

^r 

i 

1  A  -  '  i          m 

[ 

Wr 

JA    JM^J 

■fc- 

> 

!_ 

Fig.  24. — Bridge  over  Fox  River  at  McHenry 


120 


ILLINOIS 


Fig.  25. — Bridge  over  Kaskaskia  River  at  Evansville 


•     .4 

Fig.  26. — Bridge  over  Rock  River  at  Rockton 


PROGRESS 


121 


Fig-.  27. — Bridge  over  Spoon  River,  near  Blyton 


Fig.   28. — Bond    Route    17,    West    Station    Street   bridge    over 
Kankakee  River,  Kankakee 


122 


ILLINOIS 


Fig.  29. — Bond   Route   17,   East   Court   Street  bridge   over 
Kankakee  River,  east  of  Kankakee 


Fig.  30. — Moving  dirt  with  elevating  grader  and  teams 


PROGRESS 


123 


-X^PBHRsSpRk' 


* 


Fig1.  31. — Moving   dirt   with    steam   shovel   and   crawler  dump 
wagons 


Fig.  32. — Setting  forms  for  Portland  cement  concrete  pavement. 


124 


ILLINOIS 


Fig.  33. — Subgrade   machine   cutting   subgrade   to   proper   depth 
and  shape 


Fig.  34. — Proportioning   and   loading   materials   for    Portland 
cement  concrete  pavement 


PROGRESS 


125 


Fig.  35. — Concrete  mixer  in  operation 


. 

s;*** 

..,   n-V'*. 

Fig.  36. — Mechanical    finishing    machine    finishing    surface    of 
concrete  pavement 


126 


ILLINOIS 


Fig-.  37. — Final  belting-  of  surface  of  concrete  pavement 


-  II 

^"V*       "*"JI 

W  •  *    xk    n 

Fig.  38. — Typical  cores  taken  from  pavement  for  depth  and 
strength  determination 


PROGRESS 


127 


Fig.  39. — Mowing  machine  in  operation 


Pig.  40. — Machine  for  painting  traffic  lines  on  pavement 


128 


ILLINOIS 


Fig.  41. — Complete  traffic  line 


The  Bates  Experimental  Road  furnished  data  from 
which  pavements  can  be  designed  scientifically,  and, 
in  addition,  it  showed  conclusively  that  there  need  be 
little  apprehension  regarding  the  safety  of  the  pub- 
lic investment  in  highways  if  the  loads  which  come 
upon  the  pavements  are  properly  controlled.  Not 
only  Illinois  but  every  road-building  state  in  the  Union, 
as  well  as  foreign  countries,  has  benefited  directly 
from  the  results  of  this  test  road.  At  the  present 
time  practically  every  state  in  the  Union  has  modified  its 
design  practice  to  accord  with  the  principles  developed 
from  this  test. 

During  1923  Illinois  broke  its  1922  record  and  estab- 
lished another  world's  record  of  1,085  miles  of  hard-sur- 
faced, roads.  Of  this  mileage,  876  miles  were  located  on 
the  State  Bond  Issue  system.  It  is  difficult  to  visualize 
the  significance  of  the  construction  of  1,085  miles  of 
pavement  in  a  single  construction  season  until  this  mileage 


PROGRESS 


129 


Fig.  42. — Federal  and  State  road  markers 

is  superimposed  upon  the  map  of  the  United  States.  If 
laid  down  as  a  continuous  highway,  this  mileage  would 
reach  from  Chicago  to  a  point  north  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  260  miles  south  of  New  Orleans;  or  it  would 
reach  from  Chicago  to  a  point  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  370 
miles  east  of  New  York  City;  or,  it  would  span  four- 
tenths  of  the  entire  distance  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific  oceans.  Another  important  accomplishment  dur- 
ing this  year  was  the  perfecting  of  a  highway-marking 
system  to  guide  the  motorists,  making  it  possible  for  the 
highway  user  to  proceed  into  any  part  of  the  State  with- 
out the  disconcerting  experience  of  being  frequently  lost. 

1924  Banner  Year 

During  1924  Illinois  again  broke  its  record  for  high- 
way construction  by  building  a  total  of  1,230  miles  of. 


130 


ILLINOIS 


Fig.  43. — Telephone  pole  route  marker 

hard-surfaced  roads.  Of  this  mileage,  1.018  miles  were 
located  on  the  State  Bond  Issue  System.  This  record  for 
a  single  year's  accomplishments  has  never  been  equaled 
by  any  state  in  the  Union  nor  by  any  foreign  country. 
Another  world's  record  was  established  when  2,669  feet 
of  18-foot  concrete  pavement  was  completed  in  one  day 
with  one  paving  mixer.  Construction  attained  a  maxi- 
mum rate  of  63  miles  per  week,  or  approximately  one 
mile  of  pavement  per  working  hour.  During  this  year 
the  people  of  Illinois  began  to  realize  that  their  highway 
transportation  facilities  were  being  enlarged  at  a  rate 
which  was  thought  impossible  a  few  years  previous,  and 
that  they  were  literally  being  lifted  out  of  the  mud. 

The  rapid  progress  which  had  been  made  in  highwa) 
construction  up  to  and  including  1924,  necessitated  th( 
expenditure  of  highway  funds  at  a  very  rapid  rate.     It 


PROGRESS 


131 


Fig.  44. — Direction  sign  used  in  cities 

became  evident  that  unless  further  means  of  financing 
were  provided,  the  highway  program  of  Illinois  would 
have  to  be  reduced  materially.  This  led  Governor  Small 
to  recommend  to  the  Fifty-third  General  Assembly  that 
a  law  be  passed  permitting  the  people  of  Illinois  to  vote 
in  the  general  election  in  November,  1924,  on  the  propo- 
sition of  issuing  additional  State  highway  bonds  amount- 
ing to  $100,000,000,  the  principal  and  interest  on  the  same 
to  be  paid  by  motor  license  fees  without  direct  taxation. 
The  purpose  of  these  bonds  was  to  complete  the  original 
$60,000,000  State  Bond  Issue  System  and  enlarge  it  by 
adding  approximately  3,000  miles  of  additional  roads. 
This  recommendation  was  received  favorably  by  the 
Fifty-third  General  Assembly  and  a  law  was  passed  pro- 
viding for  a  carefully  thought-out  system  of  additional 
highways.    But  the  General  Assembly  in  its  wisdom  pro- 


132 


JLLINOJS 


Fig.  45. 


-Stop  sign  used  inside  cities  at  street  intersections  with 
State  highways 


vided  5,100  miles  of  new  roads  instead  of  the  3,000  miles 
recommended  by  the  Governor  without  providing  the 
funds  necessary  to  construct  the  additional  mileage.  The; 
proposition  was  voted  on  by  the  people  at  the  November, 
1924,  election  and  approved  by  an  overwhelming  majority, 
thereby  providing  the  necessary  funds  to  proceed  rapidly 
with  the  highway  construction  program  up  to  the  3,000 
miles  originally  recommended. 

During  1925  there  was  a  decrease  in  the  production 
of  completed  hard-surfaced  roads  as  compared  with  the 
accomplishments  of  1924.  This  decrease  was  caused  by 
difficulties  encountered  in  placing  under  contract  the  un- 
completed portions  of  the  $60,000,000  Bond  Issue  system. 
The  $100,000,000  Bond  Issue  law  provided  that  unless 


I 


PROGRESS 


133 


Fig.  46.— Marker  showing  cities  along  route  and  mileage  thereto 

engineering  problems  made  it  clearly  impractical,  all  con- 
tracts for  the  complete  construction  of  the  roads  to  be 
constructed  along  and  upon  Routes  1  to  46  inclusive, 
should  first  be  awarded  before  any  construction  contracts 
were  awarded  for  the  roads  along  and  upon  Routes  47  to 
185,  inclusive,  the  latter  routes  having  been  provided  by 
the  new  Bond  Issue  law.  A  large  number  of  location 
problems  arose  in  connection  with  the  uncompleted  por- 
tions of  Routes  1  to  46,  many  of  which  were  taken  into 
the  Courts  on  the  question  of  the  right  of  the  Department 
of  Public  Works  and  Buildings  to  locate  new  roads. 
Supreme  Court  decisions  were  necessary,  and,  in  the 
meantime,  no  new  work  could  be  started.  In  spite  of 
this,  however,  a  total  of  906  miles  of  hard-surfaced  roads 
were  completed  during  1925,  787  miles  of  which  were  on 
the  State  Bond  Issue  system. 


134 


ILLINOIS 


Fig.  47. — City  limits  marker 

Legal  Difficulties  Encountered 
The  legal  difficulties  encountered  in  the  completing 
of  the  $60,000,000  Bond  Issue  system  continued  into  1926, 
and  it  was  not  until  January  1,  1927,  that  all  of  the  un- 
completed portions  of  the  system  which  did  not  involve 
engineering  difficulties  were  placed  under  contract.  Dur- 
ing the  year  1926,  a  total  of  464  miles  of  hard-surfaced 
roads  were  completed,  of  which  362  miles  were  on  the 
State  Bond  Issue  system.  The  question  of  the  further 
financing  of  the  road  construction  program  again  arose 
in  connection  with  the  additional  roads  provided  in  the 
$100,000,000  Bond  Issue  Law  for  which  funds  for  con- 
struction had  not  been  provided.  Governor  Small  recom- 
mended to  the  Fifty-fifth  General  Assembly  that  further 
funds  be  provided  by  means  of  a  gasoline  tax.     He  felt 


PROGRESS 


135 


Fig.  48. — Junction  sign  placed  at  intersecting  routes 

that  the  people  of  Illinois  were  entitled  to  the  early  com- 
pletion of  the  additional  road  system  for  which  they  voted 
in  1924  and  that  the  use  of  the  completed  system  ten 
years  earlier  than  would  otherwise  be  possible  would  be 
of  incalculable  benefit  to  the  people  of  the  State,  both 
from   an   economic   and   social   standpoint.      The   bill   as 

;  it  was  presented  to  the  Legislature  provided  a  tax  of  2 
cents  per  gallon  on  motor  vehicle  gasoline,  and  in  this 
form  met  considerable  opposition.  As  a  compromised 
measure,  it  was  amended  to  provide  that  one-half  of  the 
revenue  go  to  the  State  for  the  purpose  of  completing  the 
State  Bond  Issue  System  and  the  other  half  to  the  coun- 

.  ties  to  be  expended  upon  their  State  aid  system.  This 
amended  bill  was  passed  by  the  Legislature,  and  was 
placed  in  operation  during  the  year  1927.  The  consti- 
tutionality of  the  law  was  attacked,  and  early  in  1928  the 


136 


ILLINOIS 


Fig.  49. — Warning  sign  indicating  turn  in  highway 

Supreme  Court  rendered  a  decision  declaring  it  unconsti- 
tutional on  the  basis  of  certain  legal  technicalities.  Thus 
the  Governor's  efforts  to  make  possible  the  uninter- 
rupted continuance  of  the  highway  program  were  unsuc- 
cessful, and,  at  this  writing,  it  is  certain  that  unless  fur- 
ther steps  are  taken  to  provide  additional  funds,  the  high- 
way construction  program  will  be  reduced  to  a  small 
mileage  at  the  end  of  the  year  1928  or  shortly  thereafter. 

1928  Program  Nearing  Completion 
During  1927  the  first  contracts  were  let  on  the* 
$100,000,000  Bond  Issue  System.  It  was  not  possible, 
however,  to  complete  a  large  program  during  this  year 
for  the  reason  that  only  a  small  amount  of  work  was 
under  contract  at  the  start  of  the  season.  In  order  | 
complete  a  1,000-mile  program  or  more  during  one  co 


in-  I 


PROGRESS 


137 


Fig.  50. — Stop  sign  placed  at  intersections  of  country  highways 
with  State  roads 


struction  season,  it  is  necessary  that  at  least  one-half  of 
this  mileage  be  under  contract  at  the  beginning  of  the 
season.  Since  no  new  contracts  could  be  let  during  1926, 
this  could  not  be  done,  and,  as  a  result,  only  656  miles  of 
hard-surfaced  roads  were  completed,  521  of  which  were 
on  the  State  Bond  Issue  system.  During  1927,  however, 
an  intensive  drive  was  made  to  place  enough  work  under 
contract  to  insure  the  completion  of  1,200  miles  during 
1928.  On  July  1,  1928,  the  date  of  this  writing,  there 
was  a  total  of  1,026  miles  of  pavement  under  contract 
on  the  State  Bond  Issue  System  alone.  The  construction 
work  is  proceeding  at  a  rapid  rate,  additional  new  con- 
tracts are  being  awarded,  and  the  prospects  for  complet- 
ing the  program  outlined  at  the  beginning  of  the  season 
are  exceedingly  bright. 


138 


ILLINOIS 


Fig.  51. — Typical  signs  used  at  railroad  grade  crossings 


The  pavement  completed  on  the  State  Bond  Issue 
System  from  January  1,  1921,  when  Governor  Small  took 
office,  to  July  1,  1928,  is  shown  on  the  maps  included  in 
Figures  1  and  2.  These  maps  make  it  easy  to  visualize 
the  road  construction  accomplishments  during  Governor 
Small's  administration.  During  the  interval  from  Jan- 
uary 1,  1921  to  July  1,  1928,  there  has  been  completed 
5,793  miles  of  hard-surfaced  pavement,  including  that 
constructed  directly  by  the  State  on  the  State  Bond  Issue 
System  and  by  the  counties  under  State  supervision. 
There  have  also  been  completed  1,539  miles  of  separate 
grading  and  1,320  separate  drainage  structures.  Figure 
3  is  a  chart  showing  the  mileage  of  hard-surfaced  pave- 
ment built  each  year  from  1914  to  1927,  inclusive.  This 
chart  shows  that  the  total  mileage  of  hard-surfaced  roads 
constructed  in  Illinois  during  the  past  14  years  is  6,689 
miles;  that  of  this  total,  82  per  cent  has  been  completed 
during  the  past  7  years ;  and,  that  4J/£  times  as  many  mile 


• 


PROGRESS 


139 


Fig.  52. — Typical  direction   sign,  U.   S.  marker  also  shown 

of  hard-surfaced  roads  have  been  completed  during  the 
administration  of  Governor  Len  Small  as  were  completed 
in  the  previous  7  years.  This  comparison,  of  course, 
does  not  include  the  mileage  which  has  been  completed 
during  1928  up  to  July  1,  and  that  which  will  be  complet- 
ed before  the  end  of  the  construction  season. 

Figures  4  to  53,  inclusive,  show  typical  views  of 
completed  work  and  various  phases  of  highway  construc- 
tion activities. 


140 


ILLINOIS 


Fig.  53. — Standard  U.  S.  route  and  State  route  junction  sign 

DIVISION  OF  PARKS 

John  Boyle,  Superintendent  of  Parks 

Illinois  is  developing  a  comprehensive  system  of 
State  parks.  The  movement  had  its  beginning  within  the 
last  decade.  Until  a  few  years  ago  the  parks  owned  by 
the  State  were  administered  by  a  commission  which 
scattered  its  efforts.  The  supervision  of  parks  is  now 
in  the  hands  of  the  Department  of  Public  Works  and 
Buildings.  Governor  Small,  ever  mindful  of  the  interests 
of  the  citizens  of  the  State  and  ever  an  ardent  advocate 
of  public  parks,  early  in  his  administration  requested  the 
Department  to  map  out  a  progressive  program  of  park 
development. 

The  Illinois  plan  has  as  its  end  the  improvement  or 
reclamation  of  every  important  spot  in  the  State  that  is 


PROGRESS 


141 


The  beautiful  Sangamon  River  at  Old  Salem  State  Park 
near  Petersburg 

hallowed  by  historic  memories.  Many  such  places  have 
already  been  taken  over  by  the  State  and  no  effort  is  being 
spared  to  preserve  them  in  their  original  grandeur. 

The  rapid  extension  of  the  State's  hard  road  system 
is  making  the  State  parks  more  popular  year  by  year,  giv- 
ing opportunity  as  it  does  to  citizens  in  every  section  of 
the  State  to  visit  the  different  scenes  of  historic  interest. 
Because  of  this  fact,  improvement  work  on  the  different 
parks  is  being  pushed  as  rapidly  as  possible,  and  special 
arrangements  are  being  made  at  all  points  for  the  conven- 
ience of  tourists,  especially  those  who  make  the  trip  by 
motor. 

The  most  ambitious  undertaking  is  at  Starved  Rock 
State  Park,  situated  on  the  south  shore  of  the  Illinois 
River  midway  between  Utica  and  LaSalle,  only  98  miles 
southwest  of  Chicago.  This  historic  spot,  a  revelation  in 
beautiful  hills,  immense  rocks  and  canyons,  the  mecca  of 
romance  and  legendry,  visited  by  thousands  of  motorists 
annually,  is  conceded  to  be  the  beauty  spot  of  Illinois. 


142 


ILLINOIS 


Modern  tourists'  rest  and  shelter  house,   Starved  Rock 
State  Park 


Here  the  State  has  made  the  tourist  camp  the  model 
one  of  the  country.  A  shelter  house  has  been  built  with 
all  of  the  comforts  of  home.  It  has  showers  with  hot  and 
cold  water,  the  hot  water  being  a  departure  from  the  con- 
ditions at  most  camping  grounds.  The  shelter  house  also 
has  tubs  for  washing  clothes  and  sanitary  toilets.  One 
hundred  lunch  tables  and  200  benches  have  been  placed 
about  the  park.  There  are  already  at  the  grounds  suffi- 
cient camp  stoves  to  care  for  the  tourists,  and  parking 
space  has  been  arranged  for  at  least  5,000  automobiles. 
Artesian  wells  TOO  feet  deep  afford  an  unlimited  supply 
of  cold  drinking  water. 

This  auto  tourist  camp  grounds  is  tendered  the  public 
as  an  experiment  in  human  welfare  and  is  an  adjunct  to 
the  good  roads  program  of  Governor  Small.  Excellent 
hotel  service  is  found  at  Starved  Rock  State  Park  for 
those  who  prefer  not  to  camp.  It  may  be  interesting  to 
note  that  the  receipts   from  the  concessions  at  Starved 


PROGRESS 


143 


Partially  reconstructed  walls  at  Fort  Chartres  State  Park 
Prairie  du  Rocher 

Rock  Park  approximately  equal  the  cost  of  maintenance. 
The  glory  of  Starved  Rock  both  as  a  playground  and  an 
historical  school  room  still  continues. 

The  Lincoln  Homestead,  the  only  residence  ever 
owned  by  Abraham  Lincoln  and  the  one  occupied  by  him 
at  the  time  of  his  nomination  and  election  to  the  presi- 
dency, is  situated  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Eighth  and 
Jackson  Streets,  Springfield.  It  is  a  two  story  wooden 
house  of  twelve  rooms  and  was  built  in  1839.  The  most 
noticeable  feature  of  its  construction  from  the  builder's 
point  of  view  is  the  prodigal  use  of  solid  walnut  and  strict 
economy  in  the  use  of  iron — wooden  pegs  being  used 
wherever  practicable  in  lieu  of  the  customary  nail.  No 
changes  have  been  made  in  the  house  since  Mr.  Lincoln 
left  it  except  the  repairs  made  necessary  by  decay. 

Here  Lincoln  grew  up  from  the  small  figure  of  a 
country  lawyer  to  the  full  stature  of  a  party  idol  and  the 
grand    proportions    of    a    national    leader.      Here    were 


144 


ILLINOIS 


The  Black  Hawk  Statue,  55  feet  in  height,  in  Ogle  County,  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Rock  River 


i 


Interior  of  Stone  Museum  housing  mementos  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  Old   Salem   State  Park 

nurtured  his  early-born  ambitions  and  here  his  greatest 
political  aspiration  was  realized.  Here  he  closed  his 
career  as  a  citizen  of  Illinois  and  took  up  the  work  to 
which  he  gave  his  life  that  "the  government  of  the  people, 
by  the  people  and  for  the  people  might  not  perish  from 
the  earth." 

In  1923  fifty  feet  of  ground  to  the  north  of  the 
Homestead  was  purchased'  and  the  dwelling  thereon  re- 
moved. This  action  by  the  administration,  the  running 
of  all  electric  wires  in  conduit,  and  the  heating  of  the 
home  by  city  heat,  practically  eliminate  all  fire  hazards. 

Old  Salem  Park  near  Petersburg,  the  home  of  Lin- 
coln during  his  younger  days,  is  to  be  one  of  the  most 
attractive  and  interesting  spots  in  the  State  after  the 
present  plans  of  the  Department  are  completed.  As  an 
immediate  step  the  old  Onstott  cabin,  one  of  the  houses 
which  stood  in  Salem  when  Lincoln  lived  there,  has  been 
removed  from  Petersburg  to  its  original  site  in  Old  Salem. 


146 


ILLINOIS 


"'          Wei                     III      **        \ 

|i&    mm* 

%  fMki/               ""\ 

M&f 

Ur  J  1 * 

^^^tH^ii     if 

^ElJ 

^HflCK^lJipi' i' ' 

■-v;'-     ■■  ■■■-'•■     -   _  ;<;■,'■■■  .o-'"'..'.'/. ■?-•■.: 

Scene  in  Black  Hawk  Watch  Tower  Park,  above  Rock  River 
near  Rock  Island 


It  was  taken  down  and  each  log  numbered  and  the  logs 
replaced  so  that  the  house  stands  as  it  was  originally. 
From  time  to  time  other  log  cabins  will  be  restored  and 
it  is  hoped  ere  long  the  entire  city  will  be  known  exactly 
as  it  was  during  the  time  of  Lincoln's  residence  at  that 
point  in  1831.  When  this  work  has  been  finished,  it  will 
be  the  only  known  city  in  the  world  that  has  been  restored 
in  its  entirety.  Research  work  has  brought  to  view  the 
depressions  along  these  forgotten  streets  by  the  founda- 
tions of  the  then  existing  buildings,  also  the  almost  oblit- 
erated road  leading  out  of  the  village  to  Springfield  and 
the  path  from  Offut's  store  where  Lincoln  clerked,  down 
to  the  grist  mill  where  he  was  wont  to  officiate.  Unless 
one  makes  a  pilgrimage  to  this  spot,  he  will  never  know 
our  greatest  countryman — Abraham  Lincoln.  Here  he 
passed  from  raw  untutored  youth  to  strong  intellectual 
manhood. 

A  custodian's  cottage  and  relic  house  was  dedicated 
on  May  19,  1921,  by  Governor  Small  in  the  presence  of 


Offut    store,    scene    of    Lincoln-Armstrong    wrestling    match,    Old 
Salem  State  Park 

5,000  visitors.  This  building  was  constructed  in  harmony 
with  the  type  of  those  days.  It  is  of  fire  proof  construc- 
tion and  houses  the  relics  and  mementos  of  Old  Salem. 

An  appropriation  was  made  by  the  54th  General 
Assembly  to  purchase  19  acres  adjoining  the  park.  This 
new  addition  contains  the  site  of  the  original  schoolhouse 
and  the  graveyard  of  the  village.  This  will  make  the 
original  tract  complete. 

The  official  transfer  of  the  Old  Metamora  Court 
House  to  the  State  of  Illinois,  to  be  preserved  for  ages 
as  a  Lincoln  Memorial  Museum,  was  celebrated  on  Au- 
gust 26,  1921.  There  were  times  when  Abraham  Lincoln, 
Adlai  Stevenson,  Judge  David  Davis  and  Robert  G. 
Ingersoll  met  under  this  roof.  No  one  would  have  be- 
lieved at  that  time  that,  within  the  walls  of  that  unpre- 
tentious structure,  there  were  assembled  a  future  Presi- 
dent, Vice  President,  a  future  Judge  of  the  highest 
judicial  body  in  the  world  and  the  greatest  orator  of 
his  age. 


148 


ILLINOIS 


Beautiful  Starved  Rock  on  the  Illinois  River,   Starved  Rock 
State  Park 

To  preserve  the  old  court  house  at  Metamora  will 
help  to  preserve  the  fame  and  names  of  the  great  and 
distinguished  men  associated  with  it,  and  Governor  Small 
ruled  well  when  he  arranged  to  make  "Old  Metamora" 
one  of  the  Memorials  of  our  State,  that  the  associations 
connected  with  it  might  be  an  inspiration  for  future 
generations. 

The  State  in  1925  purchased  the  Great  Cahokia 
Mound  and  its  important  neighboring  mounds,  located 
in  Madison  and  St.  Clair  counties.  The  age  of  these 
mounds  is  a  matter  of  conjecture  only.  Articles  found 
in  the  mounds  by  Professor  Warren  K.  Moorhead,  show 
that  they  were  built  by  a  race  of  people  who  had  reached 
a  rather  advanced  stage  of  civilization  and  whose  mem- 
bers must  have  been  counted  by  the  thousand.  It  is 
estimated  that  it  would  have  taken  1,000  men  five  years 
to  build  Monks  Mound  alone.  This  acquisition  will  pre- 
serve for  the  world  the  most  important  work  left  by  a 
pre-historic    race    on    the   American    continent.      Monks 


PROGRESS  1 49 

Mound,  the  largest  pre-historical,  artificial  earth  work  in 
the  United  States,  is  to  the  Mound  Builders  whose  his- 
tory antedates  that  of  the  Indians,  what  the  great  Pyra- 
mids were  to  the  Pharaohs  of  Egypt. 

Cahokia  Mounds  have  stood  for  many  centuries  like 
solemn,  imposing  monarchs.  Though  many  trains  now 
go  rambling  across  the  valley  and  over  the  great  bridges 
spanning  the  Father  of  Waters,  these  monsters  remain 
as  mute  witnesses  of  a  people  that  have  long  since  passed 
away.  They  keep  within  their  depth  the  mystery  which 
no  one  has  yet  fathomed. 

During  the  past  biennium  three  new  park  areas  have 
been  added  to  the  State  recreation  grounds.  One  is 
Black  Hawk  Watch  Tower  Park  in  Rock  Island  County, 
a  second  in  Ogle  County,  known  as  the  White  Pine  For- 
ests and  the  third,  Giant  City  Park,  in  Union  and  Jackson 
counties. 

The  White  Pine  Tree  tract  lies  in  Ogle  County,  nine 
miles  from  Oregon  and  seven  miles  from  Polo.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Chicago  and  Iowa  Trail  and 
on  the  east  by  the  highway  leading  to  Mt.  Morris,  five 
miles  to  the  north.  To  the  west  and  southwest,  the  tract 
reaches  out  irregularly  toward  the  little  village  of  Strat- 
ford. A  report  by  R.  S.  Kellog,  of  the  United  States 
Forest  Service,  some  years  ago,  made  the  following 
recommendation : 

'The  tract  should  be  made  into  a  State  forest  re- 
serve since  it  is  the  only  White  Pine  grove  in  the  State 
and  shows  excellent  prospects  of  enlarging  itself  by  nat- 
ural seeding — in  time,  perhaps,  overrunning  the  greater 
part  of  the  tract.  The  natural  beauties  are  exceptional. 
Natural  conditions  are  favorable  to  good  tree  growth. 
The  present  forest  is  young,  and  evidently  very  few  of 
the  trees  in  it  are  over  75  years  old.  In  a  rather  hurried 
survey  the  following  species  were  noted :  red  oak,  white 
oak,  burr  oak,  scarlet  oak,  chinquapin  oak,  white  elm, 
slippery  elm,  large-tooth  aspen,  quaking  aspen,  sugar 
maple,   box   elder,   hornbeam,   hop   hornbeam,    red   mul- 


150  ILLINOIS 

berry,  black  walnut,  butternut,  shagbark  hickory,  pignut 
hickory,  mocker-nut  sycamore,  white  ash,  black  ash,  choke 
cherry,  black  cherry,  wild  plum,  basswood,  hop  tree, 
black  willow,  Juneberry,  white  pine,  red  cedar. 

"The  interesting  feature  of  the  proposed  reserve  is 
the  small  forest  of  white  pine,  which  is  unique  for  Illi- 
nois and  represents  the  southernmost  extension  of  the 
species  in  this  section  of  the  United  States.  (This  does 
not  take  into  consideration  the  scattered  groups  of  white 
pines  in  Starved  Rock  Park.)  The  maximum  height  of 
the  pine  is  90  feet  and  the  largest  diameter,  breast  high, 
about  30  inches.  A  long  distance  in  the  tract  from  the 
nearest  pine  tree  one  finds  patches  of  young  pine  so 
dense  as  to  be  almost  impenetrable,  while  smaller  num- 
bers and  individual  young  trees  are  scattered  about  every- 
where." 

In  October  the  brilliant  colors  of  the  hardwoods 
(which  are  intermixed  with  the  evergreens)  mingled  with 
the  soft,  rich  green  of  the  white  pines  and  the  young 
growth  make  a  picture  of  entrancing  loveliness.  Here  is 
a  combination  of  attractions  not  found  at  any  other  place 
in  Illinois. 

Giant  City  Park,  located  in  Union  and  Jackson  coun- 
ties, comprises  some  900  acres.  It  is  called  "The  Switzer- 
land of  Southern  Illinois"  and  scenically  it  is  all  of  that. 
We  think  of  Illinois  as  the  Prairie  State,  with  level  plains 
and  gently  rolling  hills,  yet  we  have  in  Southern  Illinois 
the  foothills  of  the  Ozarks  where  that  romantic  range 
extends  across  the  Mississippi  from  Missouri. 

Perhaps  no  where  else,  save  in  the  mountainous 
countries  (certainly  no  where  else  in  Illinois),  is  there 
any  such  peculiar  and  attractive  natural  formation  of 
bluffs  and  chasms  as  this  section  contains.  Here  by  some 
strange  action  of  the  elements,  countless  ages  past,  huge 
blocks  of  stone  were  cast  off  from  the  natural  formation 
and  stand  like  buildings  in  the  downtown  section  of  a  city. 
Between  these  cubical  stone  blocks,  canyons,  like  city 
streets,  extend  in  both  directions.  Weird  formations 
entrance  the  visitor. 


PROGRESS  151 

There  are  springs  of  clear  water  and  cascades,  from 
which  freshets  send  copious  streams  down  from  the 
heights  to  seek  the  river  by  winding  water-courses. 

The  vegetation  is  in  keeping  with  the  variation  of 
the  contour.  Trees  of  great  girth  and  height  are  found 
here.  In  the  deep  ravines  and  street-like  chasms,  ferns 
and  wild  flowers  grow  in  wild  profusion. 

Black  Hawk  Watch  Tower  Park,  200  acres  in  ex- 
tent, situated  in  Rock  Island  county,  is  of  great  historical 
interest.  It  is  the  place  of  birth  and  the  burial  ground 
of  the  Indian  Chief,  Black  Hawk,  and  his  headquarters 
and  stronghold  during  the  ineffectual  warfare  waged  by 
him  on  the  encroaching  whites. 

This  tract  has  an  unbroken  ridge  or  backbone  extend- 
ing from  Carbon  Cliff  to  Black  Hawk  Watch  Tower,  the 
last  being  its  most  charming  natural  feature.  That  it 
has  long  been  a  favorite  spot  is  proven  by  the  numerous 
mounds  built  by  prehistoric  people  and  by  fragments  of 
pottery,  chipped  flints,  arrowheads  and  implements  of 
stone  found  scattered  about  this  ridge. 

"This  Tower  to  which  my  name  has  been  applied, 
was  a  favorite  resort  and  was  frequently  visited  by  me 
alone,  when  I  could  sit  and  smoke  my  pipe  and  look  with 
wonder  and  pleasure  at  the  grand  scenes  that  were  pre- 
sented by  the  sun's  rays,  even  across  the  mighty  water." 
(Black  Hawk's  Autobiography.) 

An  appropriation  was  made  by  the  55th  General 
Assembly  for  the  purchase  of  the  home  of  Pierre  Menard 
at  Fort  Gage  in  Randolph  county,  together  with  certain 
furnishings.  This  home  was  erected  about  the  year  1800. 
Here  he  died  in  1844. 

Pierre  Menard  was  a  member  and  the  presiding 
officer  of  the  territorial  legislature.  In  1818  he  was 
elected  as  the  first  lieutenant  governor  of  this  State. 

All  parks  and  memorials  are  under  the  direct  super- 
vision of  the  Division  of  Parks,  a  sub-division  of  the 
Department  of  Public  Works  and  Buildings. 


152  ILLINOIS 


Department  of  Public 
Welfare 

Roy  W.  Ide,  Director 

DURING  THE  ADMINISTRATION  of  Governor 
Len  Small  the  Department  of  Public  Welfare  has 
made  extensive  progress,  taking  its  place  among  the 
foremost  states  in  welfare  work,  to  the  end  that  the  State's 
unfortunate  wards  are  now  receiving  the  finest  possible 
care  and  protection.  Illinois  charity  has  become  a  defi- 
nite, constructive  organization  for  social  welfare,  and  an 
important  factor  in  world  progress,  through  this  De- 
partment. 

More  than  35,400  human  beings,  in  Illinois'  26  penal, 
charitable  and  correctional  institutions,  are  receiving  State 
care.  A  thousand  buildings  are  used  in  this  great 
work,  and  6,000  employees  are  engaged  in  maintain- 
ing the  highest  standards  possible  in  caring  for  in- 
stitutional inmates.  There  are  nine  hospitals  for  the 
insane,  located  at  Elgin,  Kankakee,  Jacksonville,  Anna, 
East  Moline,  Peoria,  Chester,  Chicago  and  Alton. 
At  Lincoln  and  Dixon,  hospitals  are  maintained  for 
treatment  of  the  feebleminded  and  epileptics.  In  the  pe- 
nal group  of  institutions  are  penitentiaries  at  Joliet  (two, 
one  for  men  and  one  for  women),  Stateville  and  Menard ; 
a  reformatory  at  Pontiac ;  State  Farm  at  Vandalia ;  State 
Training  School  for  Girls  at  Geneva,  and  School  for  Boys 
at  St.  Charles.  At  Jacksonville  are  the  now  famous 
schools  for  the  deaf  and  the  blind.  The  Industrial  Home 
for  the  Blind  is  in  Chicago,  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors' 
Home  is  located  at  Quincy,  and  the  Soldiers'  Widows' 
home  in  Wilmington.  Soldiers'  orphans  are  well  provided 
for  at  Normal,  and  the  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  and  the 
Research  and  Educational  hospitals  are  in  Chicago. 

Under  the   Director  a  criminologist,   an   alienist,   a 


PROGRESS  153 

fiscal  supervisor,  superintendents  of  prisons  and  charities 
and  a  supervisor  of  paroles  function.  A  citizen  board  of 
welfare  commissioners  also  plays  an  important  part  in 
the  work  of  the  Department.  Other  branches  of  effort 
include  the  State  Psycopathic  Institute  in  Chicago,  the 
Institute  for  Juvenile  Research  in  Chicago,  the  Division  of 
Visitation  of  Adult  Blind  and  the  Division  of  Visitation 
of   Children. 

Adequate  Buildings 

Perhaps  the  most  important  progress  made  in  the 
development  of  the  Department's  work  during  the  ad- 
ministration of  Governor  Small  has  been  the  marvelous 
building  program  that  is  nearing  completion.  For  the 
first  time  in  nearly  a  decade  it  can  now  be  said  that  every 
state  ward  is  adequately  provided  for  as  to  living  quarters, 
and  that  each  institution  has  enough  buildings  to  carry 
on  its  work  properly,  notwithstanding  the  more  than  Ji 
per  cent  increase  in  the  number  of  inmates  and  patients 
during  the  y-year  period. 

The  State's  new  institutional  buildings  are  not  only 
adequate  in  number  and  in  size  but  they  equal  those  of 
any  part  of  the  world  in  point  of  equipment,  personnel 
and  standards  of  operation. 

On  July  1,  1920,  there  were  26,090  patients  and  in- 
mates of  State  institutions,  with  17,098  listed  as  insane. 
There  were  15,956  men  and  10,134  women  in  this  total, 
with  3,750  employees  included  in  the  personnel.  On  the 
same  day  in  1928  a  total  of  35,445  persons  were  under 
State  care,  21,242  of  them  insane,  with  22,256  males  and 
13,189  females  listed.  The  number  of  employees  had 
increased  in  similar  proportion  to  5,211. 

The  crowded  conditions  in  1920  were  due  chiefly  to 
the  lack  of  attention  given  to  housing  conditions  during 
and  immediately  following  the  World  War.  Building 
was  forgotten  in  the  rush  of  war  days  to  lend  aid  to 
the  Federal  government  in  the  form  of  man  and  woman 
power  and  money.  The  institutions  were  made  a  sec- 
ondary consideration  to  national  security.  But  at  the  same 
time  institutional  population  grew  at  a  normal  rate. 


154 


ILLINOIS 


Dorothea  Dix,  the  founder  of  Illinois'  first  hospital  for 
mental  cases 


PROGRESS 


155 


* 

ly^'     *» 



*.-,** 

Was. 

.J-JS™     " 

«**W*n*m 

'tjl  i 

■I  1 1 

»■     -     •* 

§111 

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,%jT 

Above,  the  strong  chair  and  strait  jacket;  below,  the  Utica  crib 
once  used  in  caring  for  the  insane 


156 


ILLINOIS 


Above,   the  old   type  of  institutional  garment;  below,   iron 
restraints  used  to  confine  the  mentally  ill 


PROGRESS 


157 


WBJg^h^ 

fe*J! 

- 

.'*   ?  -x  ***>*  »!  4 

Iff*  j 

iLi*  .-.>#« 

■.  *  "«»«»■  ._ 

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Above,  discarded  bars  of  Illinois  insane  hospitals; 
type  of  building  for  institutional  use 


below,  new 


158 


ILLINOIS 


Above,  hydrotherapy  used  in  mental  hospitals;  below,  new 
type  of  garments  for  patients 


PROGRESS 


159 


New    methods    of    care    for    the    insane    include    occupational 

therapy      This    illustrates    the    therapist    working    with    a 

patient  in  the  habit  training-  class  where  the  value  of 

personal  neatness  is  taught 


Rehabilitation  of  Institutions 

Following  the  war  closely  came  the  urgent  need  for 

proper  care  of  Illinois'  sons  and  daughters  who  suffered 

from   the   effects  of   modern   battle.      Shell   shock,   gas, 

-naiming,  wounds  and  other  things  had  left  their  imprint 


160 


ILLINOIS 


in  occupational  therapy 


PROGRESS 


161 


Above,  toy  making;  below,  basket  weaving;  both  classes  in 
occupational  therapy 


162 


ILLINOIS 


iKEi 

BBHBBB^rB^^"  "  ~,y 

§§;J|P 

'% 

J          i f 

-  -    t|       r 

-ii  *  ▼ 

^ 

■g^r* v  ^^m 

jpv*»*  vs<i . 

gtev  ^  fa 

..-.'.    ;     ■ 

A  normal  homelike  atmosphere  is  maintained  for  the  women 
patients 


PROGRESS 


163 


Work  produced  by  patients  in  the  occupational  therapy  classes 


164 


ILLINOIS 


Above,  the  Jacksonville  State  Hospital  band;  below,  an 
institutional  beauty  parlor 


Above,  a  greenhouse  enjoyed  by   patients;   below,   physical 
training  given  on  the  institution  grounds 


166 


ILLINOIS 


^WM 


New   type  building  and   typical   ward 


PROGRESS 


167 


A  dining  room  and  bakery  in  an  Illinois  state  institution 


168 


ILLINOIS 


A  typical  dairy  herd  and  garden,  both  cared  for  by  patients 


PROGRESS 


169 


TTH 


— 


Canning,  an  institutional  industry 


170 


ILLINOIS 


The  feebleminded  children  are  also  taught  the  value  of  neat 

attire 


on  hundreds  of  Illinois  citizens.  Lack  of  sufficient  Federal 
hospitalization  gave  Illinois  a  double  responsibility,  and 
when  Governor  Small  took  office  one  of  his  first  acts  was 
to  rehabilitate  the  State  institutions  in  a  program  that 
included  provision  for  the  needs  of  all  Illinois  citizens 
who  bore  the  mental  and  physical  scars  of  war.  Archi- 
tects, medical  and  mental  experts  and  other  expert  aid 


PROGRESS 


171 


Brush  making  and  shoe  repairing  are  taught  at  the  institutions 
for  feebleminded 


172 


ILLINOIS 


A  military  formation  at  the  St.  Charles  School  for  Boys  and  the 
Bridge  of  Character  built  by  the  boys 


PROGRESS 


173 


Learning  to  tell  time  at  the  Illinois  School  for  the  Blind 


were  enlisted  in  the  planning  and  carrying  out  of  the 
building  work.  Now  Illinois  can  be  justly  proud  of  what 
has  been  done,  and  if  Governor  Small  would  leave  no 
other  record  of  progress  than  this,  his  double  administra- 
tion would  go  down  in  history  as  one  which  might  well 
be  the  envy  of  the  chief  executive  of  any  state. 


174 


ILLINOIS 


A  lesson  in  geography  for  the  blind  pupil 


The  cost  of  construction,  mounting  into  many  millions 
of  dollars,  has  been  kept  at  a  point  much  lower 
than  the  usual  cost  of  similar  work  for  private  use.  Com- 
petition for  the  contracts  under  the  bid  system  was  kept 
as  wide  as  possible,  with  the  result  that  the  lowest  figures 
were  obtained. 


PROGRESS 


175 


Blind  children  learn  to  tell  what  objects  look  like  through 
sense  perception 

This  pioneer  spirit  of  thrift  has  been  carried  still 
further :  the  average  cost  of  maintaining  a  person  has  been 
reduced  to  $253.57  a  year,  an  astonishingly  low  figure. 
Food  and  clothing  are  bought  in  quantity  at  low  prices, 
and  upwards  of  $1,000,000  worth  of  food  is  grown  at 
various  institutions  every  year.  In  the  industrial  and 
occupational  division  manufactured  products  to  the 
amount  of  $1,500,000  were  produced  in  1927.     With  an 


176 


ILLINOIS 


Another  class  in  geography  at  the  School  for  Blind 


increase  in  State  population  of  7.3  per  cent  during  the 
last  5  years,  institutional  population  increased  17.8  per 
cent.  The  State  taxpayers  thus  would  have  had  much  to 
fear  in  the  way  of  higher  taxes  were  it  not  for  the  addi- 
tional revenue  gained  by  the  Department  of  Public  Wel- 
fare through  utilization  and  conservation. 


PROGRESS 


177 


Transcribing'  music   to  Braille  at  the   School   for  Blind   where  the 
publishing  of  Braille  music  for  the  blind  is  an  industry 


Citizen  Consultation  New  Feature 

During  the  past  year  an  important  step  toward 
stimulating  the  active  cooperation  of  the  public  was 
brought  about  through  citizen  representation  on  State 
hospital  staffs.  It  has  been  illuminating  to  many  that 
the  Public  Welfare  Department  is  not  the  sole  sponsor 


178 


ILLINOIS 


The  children  have  happy  homelike  surroundings  at  the  Illinois 
Soldiers'   Orphans'   Home 


PROGRESS 


17(-> 


Story  telling  hour  at  the  Illinois  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home 


for  the  State  ward ;  that  they,  themselves,  as  citizens  of 
the  State  of  Illinois,  should  feel  an  actively  moral  re- 
sponsibility and  that  the  Department  of  Public  Welfare 
is  merely  to  function  as  the  mediator  between  the  tax- 
payer and  the  State  institution. 

Although   the   new   consulting   staffs    have   been    in 
effect  but  a  few  months,  the  results  are  marked.     Many 


180 


ILLINOIS 


~m 

fifefi 

VI 

S8f*      ■HH1 

•  I 

mPL     /  »§ydp»"*'*** 

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\WF*wP 

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Above, 

flag  making 

;  below, 

the  library  at  the  Woman's  Prison 

PROGRESS 


181 


\w-                                gg 

^B         vt  / 1        . 

,,. 

rf>r'  '■■■■■'>:'.■   '": 

■.V:^^"V-"    "'"■' 

-"'■■-■                         "               ^ 

The  exterior  of  the  Illinois  Woman's  Prison,  located  at  Joliet 

consultations  are  held  where  heretofore  lack  of  personnel 
would  have  prevented.  These  consultations  mean  greater 
care  for  the  patient,  a  more  thorough  diagnosis,  and, 
many  times,  the  all-important  recovery  and  successful 
adjustment  to  society. 

This  plan  has  been  inaugurated  that  the  institutions 
may  be  opened  to  intimate  public  cooperation,  to  raise  the 


ILLINOIS 


Above,  a  class  using  the  audiphone;  below,  a  class  in  speech 
production  at  the  Illinois  School  for  the  Deaf 


Above,  the  orchestra;  below,  domestic  science  class  at  Geneva 
State   Training   School 


184 


ILLINOIS 


Industrial  training  at  Pontiac 


PROGRESS 


185 


y %■?'■''*■■  :-;:*  '?■'■£.:  •• .  v.;; -v  >^ >::'?:; 

^ 

. 

1*;  ;#-^  »; 

IF?- 

.      .  ''. 

Above,  the  school;  below,  the  print  shop,  at  the  Illinois  State 
Reformatory,  Pontiac 


186  ILLINOIS 

standards  of  the  State  hospital  to  that  of  the  best  of  gen- 
eral hospitals  and  to  cooperate  with  the  outside  specialist 
and  general  practitioner  that  the  State  wards  may  have 
the  benefit  of  the  united  constructive  and  progressive 
efforts  of  the  best  medical  brain  and  skill.  With  this 
system  functioning  in  all  of  the  nine  State  hospitals 
for  the  insane,  it  is  not  at  all  difficult  to  visualize  the 
unlimited  benefit  to  both  patient  and  society  at  large. 

Great  as  this  accomplishment  is,  it  is  but  a  cog  in 
the  great  wheel  of  Illinois'  welfare  progress.  It  is  but  a 
part  of  the  broadest,  most  comprehensive  inter-related 
welfare  program  ever  attempted  by  any  state.  Last  year 
plans  for  this  extensive  outline  of  cooperative,  construc- 
tive, preventive  work  took  definite  shape  and  this  year 
found  the  project  in  actual  and  effective  operation. 

This  splendid  advance  in  the  treatment  of  the  State 
wards  called  for  another  closely  allied  addition  to  the 
Welfare  program.  Realizing  that  the  aftercare  of  the 
patient  is  an  essential  part  of  the  medical  program,  the 
State  administration  has  laid  the  foundation  for  a  nursing 
service  second  to  none  in  the  world.  The  first  step  in 
this  program  will  be  a  request  to  the  Legislature  for  per- 
mission to  establish  a  division  to  be  called  the  Division  of 
Nursing. 

Still  another  significant  part  of  the  new  plan  is  the 
proposed  standardization  and  zoning  of  social  service  in 
the  State.  The  State  will  be  divided  into  zones  and  the 
State  hospitals  will  be  the  administrative  point  of  each 
zone,  with  each  zone  divided  into  sub-districts  in  charge 
of  competent  social  service  workers.  Under  this  program 
all  forms  of  social  service  work  of  the  Department  which 
have  been  carried  out  independently  will  be  coordinated, 
thus  providing  for  intensive  and  intelligent  supervision  at 
a  decreased  cost. 

Mental  Adjustment  Clinic  Planned 
The  establishment   of   a   State   Mental  Adjustment 
Clinic  for  those  over  eighteen,  where  observation,  diag- 


PROGRESS  187 

nosis,  treatment  and  advice  may  be  secured,  is  yet  another 
spoke  planned  for  the  great  wheel  of  welfare  work  for 
the  State.  Such  a  plan  aims  to  round  up  the  mentally  de- 
fective with  definite  criminal  tendencies.  Under  this 
plan  such  a  defective  will  either  be  placed  where  kindly 
custodial  care  will  protect  society  from  an  inevitable 
future  crime  or,  after  observation,  he  will  be  treated  for 
any  physical  defect  which  may  be  found  to  be  responsible 
for  the  distorted  mental  quirk. 

In  other  words,  Illinois  has  set  about  in  a  practical 
manner  to  make  a  complete  survey  and  set  up  the  machin- 
ery for  returning  to  their  homes  any  unfortunates  who 
could  adapt  themselves  and  become  useful  members  of 
society,  thus  relieving  the  taxpayer  of  this  unnecessary 
burden. 

The  present  splendidly  equipped  and  manned  insti- 
tutions where  this  care  is  bestowed  have  been  made  pos- 
sible during  the  past  seven  years  by  the  though ful  and 
constructive  guidance  of  Governor  Len  Small,  the  direc- 
tion of  C.  H.  Jenkins  and  his  successor,  Roy  W.  Ide, 
together  with  the  generous  support  of  the  public  as  ex- 
pressed through  the  State  Legislature. 


ILLINOIS 


Department  of  Public 
Health 

Dr.  Isaac  D.  Rawlings,  Director 

BANKERS  measure  the  results  of  their  efforts  by  the 
money  they  make.  Farmers  count  the  bushels  of 
wheat  and  corn  which  they  garner  into  their  bins  in 
order  to  determine  the  degree  of  their  success.  Lawyers 
enumerate  the  number  of  court  trials  lost  and  won  to 
calculate  the  magnitude  of  their  professional  importance. 
Health  officers  scan  the  mortality  sheets  to  find  out  how 
effective  their  work  has  been. 

There  are  a  number  of  ways  of  examining  death 
rates  for  the  purpose  of  appraising  the  efficiency  of  Pub- 
lic Health  work.  First,  the  general  death  rate  from  all 
causes  may  be  compared  with  the  rate  that  has  prevailed 
during  the  past  in  the  area  over  which  the  health  de- 
partment in  question  operates.  Second,  the  death  rate  in 
this  area  may  be  compared  with  that  in  other  similar  areas. 
Third,  the  death  rates  from  certain  specific  causes  such 
as  tuberculosis,  typhoid  fever  and  diphtheria  and  of  cer- 
tain age  groups,  like  children  under  one  year,  may  be 
studied  and  compared  with  similar  rates  during  previous 
periods  and  in  other  areas.  These  specific  rates  are 
really  a  better  index  to  the  efficiency  of  Public  Health 
work  than  is  the  general  rate  because  they  relate  to  con- 
ditions that  can  be  more  definitely  controlled  than  such 
disorders  as  heart  disease,  cancer,  nephritis  and  accidents 
which  contribute  enormously  to  the  general  mortality 
rate. 

Considered  from  any  and  every  one  of  these  stand- 
points it  is  plainly  clear  from  the  mortality  records  that 
health  conditions  in  Illinois  under  the  administration  of 
Governor  Len  Small  have  been  significantly  more  favor- 


PROGRESS 


189 


9.000 


8,000 


7000 


6,000 


5,000  __ 


INFANT   MORTALITY    IN    ILLINOIS 
1920  AND    1927 


NUMBER  OF  DEATHS 


1 


192.0 


I 


DEATHS  PER  1.000  BIRTHS 


19  ZQ 


90 


80 


60 


SO 


40 


.30 


20 


Both    the   number   of   deaths   and    the    death    rate   among   infants 

have   been   decreased   through   the   efforts   of   public   health 

workers,   including  the   Illinois  Department  of 

Public   Health 

able  than  during  any  previous  period  of  like  duration  in 
the  history  of  the  State.  Pronounced  improvement  is 
obvious  in  many  respects. 

The  general   death   rate   has   been   decidedly   lower 
throughout  the  whole  administration  of  Governor  Small 


190  ILLINOIS 

than  in  any  previous  period  on  record.  Available  statis- 
tics date  back  to  1916  only.  That  was  the  first  year  after 
the  adoption  of  the  present  law  which  makes  possible  the 
collection  and  compilation  of  reliable  birth  and  death  re- 
ports. Death  rates  per  1,000  population  from  these 
official  records  are  shown  in  Table  1. 

Table  1.     Mortality  Per  1,000  Population — Illinois 

Before — Governor  Small — After 

1921—11.1 
1922—11.3 
1916—13.2  1923—12.0 

1917—13.7  1924—11.2 

1918—16.7  1925—11.5 

1919—12.1  1926—11.8 

1920—12.7  1927—11.3 

Average     13.6  Average     11.4 

It  may  be  observed  from  Table  1  that  the  mortality 
rate  in  each  year  since  1920  has  been  lower  than  for  any 
year  preceding  that  date.  The  average  annual  rate  for 
the  second  period  was  over  two  points  less  than  for  the 
first  period.  A  difference  of  one  point  in  the  death  rate 
per  1,000  persons  in  Illinois  with  the  1927  population, 
makes  a  difference  of  7,314  in  the  actual  number  of 
deaths.  Thus  it  is  plain  that  10,239  fewer  persons  died  in 
Illinois  in  1927  than  would  have  been  the  case  had  the 
1920  mortality  rate  prevailed.  The  accumulated  saving 
of  life  since  1920  approximates  50,000. 

Compared  with  other  densely  populated  states  Illinois 
has  experienced  a  distinctly  favorable  mortality  rate 
under  the  administration  of  Governor  Small.  No  other 
state  with  a  1920  population  of  four  million  or  more  has 
reported  an  average  annual  death  rate  as  low  as  that  in 
Illinois.  Table  2  gives  the  official  statistics  from  this 
group  of  states.  Only  Ohio,  where  a  splendid  system  of 
county  health  departments  is  functioning,  has  ap- 
proached the  favorable  record  in  Illinois. 


PROGRESS  191  = 

Table  2.     Mortality   Per   1,000   Population— Illinois 

1921  1922  1923  1924  1925  1926  1927  Av 

Illinois     11.1  11.3  12.  11.2  11.5  11.8  11.4  11.4 

California     13.2  14.1  14.3  14.5  13.5  13.6  13.8  13.8 

Massachusetts    ..  12.2  12.8  13.  12.  12.5  12.6  11.6  12.4 

Michigan    11.6  11.3  12.4  11.6  11.5  12.7  11.3  11.7 

New  York   12.3  13.  13.  12.7  12.8  13.4  12.3  12.8 

Ohio    11.3  11.3  12.3  11.2  11.4  12.3  10.9  11.5 

Pennsylvania    ...  12.4  12.3  13.3  12.3  12.4  12.7  11.4  12.4 

Very  pronounced  improvement  has  marked  the 
course  of  mortality  since  1920,  from  a  large  number  of 
specific  causes.  Typhoid  fever  has  declined  nearly  fifty 
per  cent  and  has  now  almost  disappeared  from  the  State, 
compared  with  its  prevalence  twenty-five  years  ago. 
Deaths  from  diphtheria  decreased  from  1,128  in  1920  to 
647  in  1927.  Similar  improvements  are  recorded  in  the 
mortality  from  half  a  dozen  other  communicable  diseases 
including  scarlet  fever,  tuberculosis,  whooping  cough, 
measles,  diarrheal  disorders  and  smallpox.  The  mor- 
tality rates  per  100,000  population  from  these  diseases 
appear  in  Table  3. 

Table   3.     Deaths  and  Rates   Per  100,000— Illinois 

1920  1927 

Number  Rate  Number  Rate 

Typhoid   Fever    380  5.8  175  2.4 

Diphtheria    1128  17.2  647  8.8 

Diarrheal   Disease    3532  54.0  2246*  31.2 

Smallpox  16  0.23  3  0.03 

Scarlet  Fever    370  5.6  169  2.3 

Whooping  Cough    553  8.5  306  4.1 

Tuberculosis     6568  100.5  5574  76.2 

Measles    496  7.6  294  4.0 

Pneumonia    8730  133.7  5472  74.7 

*  This  figure  for  1926. 

Again,  the  splendid  decline  in  the  infant  mortality 
rate  suggests  a  constantly  increasing  improvement  in: 
general  health  conditions.  In  1920,  the  year  before  the- 
inauguration  of  Governor  Small  for  the  first  time,  11,641 
babies  under  one  year  of  age  lost  their  lives  in  Illinois 


192 


ILLINOIS 


DEATHS  FROM  PREVENTABLE  DISEASES 
IN   ILLINOIS 
1920   AND   1927 


6000. 


4000 


1920 


1920  |  «S 


DIPHTHERIA 


PNEUMONIA  TUBERCULOSIS  DIARRHOEA 

A  winning  battle  is  being  waged  by  Illinois  against  death  fron 
preventable   diseases 

before  they  even  had  a  chance  at  an  opportunity  to  show 
their  worth  or  enjoy  the  happiness  of  living.  This  loss 
amounted  to  87.5  out  of  each  1,000  new  births,  a  ratt 
of  nearly  9  per  cent. 


PROGRESS 


193 


550 


DEATHS   FROM 
PREVENTABLE   CAUSES 
ILLINOIS 
1920  AND  1927 


|I9*0|»9*7 


i9zo|  »9rr 


WHOOPING  C0U6H       MEASLES  TYPHOID  SCARLET    FEVER       SMALLPOX 

Although  the  population  increases  steadily,   Illinois'  deaths  from 


these  diseases  grow  fewer 


In  1927  the  number  of  deaths  among  children  less 
than  one  year  in  Illinois  was  8,604,  a  figure  26  per  cent 
lower  than  that  for  1920.  The  infant  death  rate  per 
1,000  births  in   1927    was   64.4,   indicating  a   decline   o$ 


194 


ILLINOIS 


«30_r 


120 


80. 


TO___ 


60_. 


40_. 


24. 


DEATH  RATES  FROM  PREVENTABLE  DISEASES 

IN     ILLINOIS 

1920  AND  1927 


|l9E0im7, 


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[I9Z0II926 


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ll9Z0[l927  | 


PMEUMOMIA  TUBERCULOSIS        DIARRHOEA  DIPHTHERIA 

Education  of  the  public  along  health  lines  has  its  effect  on  deat 
rate  figures 

nearly  27  per  cent  below  the  1920  rate.  The  numbe 
of  infant  deaths  per  1,000  births  in  1920  was  lower  tha 
lor  any  preceding  year  on  record  but  in  no  year  unde 


PROGRESS 


195 


DEATHS       PER     1000      POPULATION 


ALL      CAUSES       -       ILLINOIS 


1920     AND     1927 


Illinois'  death  rate  has  dropped  considerably 


196 


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PROGRESS 


197 


DEATH  RATES  FROM  PREVENTABLE   DISEASES 

IN  ILLINOIS 

1920  AND  1927 


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WHOOPIttG  COUGH     MEASLES      TYPHOID  FEVER    S^RLET  FEVER     SMALLPOX 

Jbart  showing  how  certain  death  rates  in  Illinois  have  droDDed 

during  Governor  Small's  Administration 


198  ILLINOIS 

Governor  Small  has  the  infant  mortality  rate  been  any- 
thing like  as  large  as  it  was  in  1920.  The  difference  be- 
tween the  number  of  infant  deaths  in  1920  and  the  num- 
ber in  1927  represents  a  saving  of  3,037  little  lives  in  one 
year  alone.  The  accumulated  saving  over  the  seven 
years  amounts  to  12,358  lives.  In  other  words,  there  are 
now  living  12,358  children  who  would  be  dead  had  the 
number  of  infant  deaths  in  each  subsequent  year  been 
the  same  as  that  in  1920. 

Table  4.     Infant  Mortality  in   Illinois. 

Year  Number  Rate  per  1,000  births 

1916    14518  119.9 

1917    14029  118.9 

I        1918   13109  105.7 

;        1919    11148  94.4 

1920    11641  87.5 

I  

Average    12889  105.3 

1921    10644  76.0 

1922   10187  74.9 

1923    10810  78.9 

1924  9743  69.0 

1925  9844  71.8 

1926  9297  69.3 

1927  8604  64.4 

Average    9875  72.0 

A  study  of  these  statistics  shows  an  unquestionable 
and  pronounced  improvement  in  general  health  conditions 
and  for  this  improvement  a  considerable  amount  of  credit 
may  reasonably  be  given  to  the  practical  application  of  the 
principles  and  policies  developed  and  promoted  by  the 
State  Department  of  Public  Health. 

Factors  in  Health  Improvement 

One  of  the  most  important  factors  involved  in  the 
remarkable  improvement  in  health  conditions  is  the  sani- 
tary supervision  over  milk  supplies.  This  has  come  about 
in  two  ways.  First  the  State  Department  of  Public  Health 


PROGRESS  199 

with  the  cooperation  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
and  the  University  of  Illinois  drew  up  an  ordinance  suit- 
able for  adoption  and  enforcement  in  municipalities. 
That  was  in  1921.  Subsequently  this  ordinance  was 
adopted  by  65  municipalities  outside  Chicago. 

The  other  way  came  about  through  the  enactment 
of  a  law  in  1925  which  gave  to  the  State  Department  of 
Public  Health  supervision  over  all  milk  pasteurizing 
plants  in  the  State  outside  Chicago  and  provided  the  De- 
partment with  a  mobile  laboratory  for  convenience  in  do- 
ing this  work.  The  result  is  that  a  large  percentage  of 
the  milk  offered  for  sale  on  the  market  in  Illinois  is  thor- 
oughly sanitary  from  every  point  of  view  and  this  has 
doubtless  been  a  large  factor  in  lowering  the  infant  mor- 
tality. 

As  a  means  of  controlling  communicable  diseases,  the 
diagnostic  laboratory,  the  distribution  of  vaccines  and 
the  activity  of  the  field  medical  staff  have  played  im- 
portant parts.  The  number  of  examinations  made  in  the 
laboratories  has  grown  from  39,543  in  1920  to  236,209  in 
1927.  Not  only  so  but  two  full-duty  branch  laboratories, 
one  at  Carbondale  and  one  at  Chicago,  were  established 
during  the  same  period.  These  laboratories  not  only  do 
routine  tests  of  a  public  health  character  but  foster  re- 
search and  the  study  of  unsolved  problems. 

The  distribution  of  preventive  vaccines  and  sera 
such  as  diphtheria  antitoxin,  diphtheria  toxin-antitoxin, 
typhoid  fever  vaccine,  smallpox  vaccine  and  silver  nitrate 
for  the  protection  of  the  eyes  of  babies  has  increased 
enormously  due  largely  to  campaigns  of  education  in  the 
value  of  these  products.  This  has  been  especially  true 
concerning  diphtheria  toxin-antitoxin. 

Since  1921,  it  has  been  the  established  policy  of  the 
Department  to  detail  a  field  physician  to  make  a  special 
epidemiological  investigation  into  the  circumstances  sur- 
rounding every  reported  case  of  typhoid  fever,  smallpox, 
meningitis  and  adult  chicken  pox.  Field  physicians  have 
also  been  assigned  for  duty  wherever  epidemics  took  on 


200  ILLINOIS 

serious  proportions.  This  policy  has  been  the  means  of 
discovering  and  drying  up  forever  many  sources  of  in- 
fection which  might  otherwise  have  continued  to  plague 
the  people  indefinitely. 

Another  important  factor  in  the  improvement  of 
health  conditions  has  been  the  work  of  the  sanitary  en- 
gineers. The  staff  of  engineers  devote  their  time  to  the 
inspection  of  public  water  supply  and  sewage  disposal  sys- 
tems, to  the  abatement  of  public  nuisances,  to  the  correc- 
tion of  stream  pollution,  to  the  examination  of  plans  for 
the  water  supply  and  sewage-disposal  systems  of  public 
sanatoriums,  to  the  control  of  malaria-carrying  mosqui- 
toes, to  the  supervision  over  milk-pasteurizing  plants,  etc. 
Their  work  leads  to  such  changes  and  modifications  as 
are  calculated  to  provide  wholesome,  sanitary  conditions 
from  which  no  epidemic  diseases  can  spring.  The  num- 
ber of  field  inspections  in  1927  was  100  per  cent  greater 
than  the  number  in  1920.  This  fact  suggests  the  pro- 
nounced influence  over  local  sanitary  conditions  which 
the  work  of  the  engineering  division  exercises. 

Promoting  maternal,  infant  and  child  hygiene  is  an- 
other field  of  service  fruitful  in  bringing  about  better 
health  conditions.  The  fact  that  the  professional  staff  of 
the  Child  Hygiene  Division  was  raised  from  five  to 
twenty-five  during  the  Small  administration  suggests  the 
large  increase  and  widening  range  of  activities  in  this 
field.  Something  like  8,000  babies  are  examined  annually 
at  conferences  supervised  by  this  Division  staff.  A  like 
number  of  school  children  are  inspected.  Diphtheria 
eradication  campaigns  are  stimulated.  Breast  feeding  is 
popularized.  Dental  hygiene  is  emphasized.  In  short  the 
infant  and  child  hygiene  program  has  developed  into  a 
well-rounded  project  that  compares  favorably  with  what 
other  progressive  states  are  doing  and  that  makes  its  in-] 
fluence  felt  upon  health  conditions. 

A  very  marked  improvement  has  taken  place  in  the 
completeness  and  promptness  of  collecting,  compiling, 
analyzing  and  publishing  birth  and  death  statistics.     In 


I 


PROGRESS  201 

e 

1920  the  birth  records  in  Illinois  were  so  incomplete  that 
they  were  not  recognized  by  Federal  officials  as  a  part  of 
the  vital  statistics  history  of  the  United  States.  At  the 
end  of  an  eighteen  months'  campaign  started  in  1922,  the 
records  were  found  by  Federal  test  to  be  satisfactorily 
complete  and  Illinois  was  formally  admitted  to  the 
United  States  birth  registration  area. 

This  success  was  but  the  forerunner  of  an  improve- 
ment in  every  respect.  Detailed  reports  of  death  covering 
almost  every  particular  one  could  wish  are  now  published 
annually.  Prior  to  1921,  the  only  available  source  of 
satisfactory  mortality  statistics  on  Illinois  was  the  U.  S. 
Bureau  of  the  Census  and  detailed  data  from  that  source 
were  necessarily  several  years  old.  Now  most  of  the 
more  serviceable  statistics  are  published  within  a  few 
weeks  or  months  after  the  year  closes. 

Long  ago  it  was  wisely  proclaimed  that  a  candle  un- 
der a  bushel  is  useless.  So  that  the  dissemination  of  sound 
knowledge  about  disease  prevention  and  health  promo- 
tion has  been  undertaken  on  a  large  scale.  Literature  by 
the  tons  has  been  distributed  at  county  fairs  and  in  other 
ways.  Motion- picture  films  have  been  shown  to  hundreds 
of  audiences.  Newspapers  have  been  supplied  with  copy. 
In  short  an  appreciable  degree  of  progress  toward  mak- 
ing the  public  health-conscious  has  been  made. 

These  activities  have  stimulated  a  public  demand  for 
better  health  protection  and  the  results  of  that  demand 
are  indicated  by  the  statistics  and  graphical  illustrations 
included  in  this  report. 


202  ILLINOIS 


Department  of  Trade  and 
Commerce 

H.  U.  Bailey,  Director 
F.  E.  O'Bryant,  Assistant  Director 

THE  DEPARTMENT  of  Trade  and  Commerce  is 
composed  of  the  Divisions  of  Insurance,  Grain  In- 
spection at  Chicago,  Grain  Inspection  at  East  St. 
Louis,  Fire  Prevention,  Illinois  Commerce  Commission, 
Standards  and  Small  Loans.  Following  are  descriptions 
of  the  work  of  the  various  Divisions  included  in  this  De- 
partment, together  with  the  relations  they  bear  to  the 
people  of  the  State,  the  nature  of  the  service  rendered  to 
the  public,  and  the  extent  of  development  under  the  ad- 
ministration of  Governor  Len  Small. 

DIVISION  OF  INSURANCE 

George  Huskinson,  Superintendent 

The  Division  of  Insurance  operates  as  one  of  the 
divisions  in  the  Department  of  Trade  and  Commerce  as 
outlined  in  the  Civil  Administrative  Code  of  Illinois. 

The  first  laws  enacted  by  the  Legislature  of  the 
State  seeking  to  place  the  business  of  insurance  under 
the  supervision  of  the  State  were  passed  in  the  year  1869. 
In  that  year  two  distinct  laws  were  enacted,  one  relating 
to  fire,  marine  and  inland  navigation  companies,  and  the 
other  relating  to  legal  reserve  life  insurance  companies. 
The  supervision  of  such  companies  and  administration  of 
the  above  mentioned  Acts  were  vested  in  the  Auditor  of 
Public  Accounts  and  the  Attorney  General. 

In  1893  the  Insurance  Department  of  the  State  was 
created  by  legislative  enactment,  and  this  statute  providec 
that  the  Insurance  Superintendent  should  have  all  the 


PROGRESS  203 

powers  and  perform  all  the  duties  in  regard  to  the  busi- 
ness of  insurance  in  Illinois,  which  theretofore  attached 
to  the  office  of  the  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts,  and  the 
Attorney  General.  From  that  time  until  1917  the  In- 
surance Department  functioned  as  a  separate  unit,  inde- 
pendent of  any  other  branch  of  the  State  government. 

The  Civil  Administrative  Code  of  Illinois  was 
adopted  by  the  Legislature  in  1917,  and  under  the  provi- 
sions of  that  statute  the  Insurance  Department  was  made 
a  part  of  the  Department  of  Trade  and  Commerce,  and 
designated  the  Division  of  Insurance. 

The  accompanying  table  will  serve  to  give  some  idea 
of  the  tremendous  increase  in  the  volume  of  the  insurance 
business  during  the  administration  of  Governor  Small, 
and  the  amount  of  work  performed  by  the  Division  of  In- 
surance. 

The  figures  herewith  merely  show  the  increase  in 
volume  of  business  transacted  by  all  kinds  of  insurance 
companies  in  this  State  and  a  comparison  between  the 
premiums  received  and  losses  paid  in  1920  and  in  1927. 
This  will  serve  to  give  some  indication  of  the  value  of  the 
Illinois  field  as  a  source  of  insurance.  In  reviewing  the 
above  figures  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the 
premiums  collected  are  not  only  used  to  pay  losses  but  a 
large  proportion  must  be  retained  by  the  Companies  to 
build  up  reserve  funds  required  by  statute. 

Security  Branch 

On  June  30,  1921,  there  were  46  insurance  corpora- 
tions which  had  deposits  of  securities  with  the  Division 
of  Insurance.  Forty-one  of  these  were  companies  orga- 
nized under  the  laws  of  Illinois  and  five  were  companies 
of  other  states  whose  deposits  are  required  by  the  re- 
ciprocal provisions  of  the  laws  of  this  State. 

The  total  reserve  deposits  held  by  the  State  approxi- 
mated $25,000,000. 

During  the  calendar  year  1920,  the  approximate  de- 
posits were  $6,000,000  and  the  withdrawals  $4,000,000. 


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PROGRESS  205 

On  June  30,  1928,  there  were  69  insurance  corpora- 
tions which  had  deposits  of  securities  with  the  Director 
of  Trade  and  Commerce.  Sixty-three  of  these  are  Illinois 
corporations  and  six  are  of  other  states  whose  deposits 
are  required  by  the  reciprocal  provisions  of  the  laws  of 
this  State. 

Included  among  the  63  Illinois  corporations  are  31 
legal  reserve  life  insurance  companies,  12  of  which  are 
also  in  the  business  of  accident  and  health  insurance. 
Seven  of  these  legal  reserve  life  insurance  companies  also 
maintain  a  deposit  in  the  registered  policy  fund,  law  of 
1899.  There  is  also  one  deposit  under  the  Assessment 
Life  Act  of  1927. 

Thirteen  deposits  are  made  under  the  Casualty  Act. 

Our  laws  do  not  require  deposits  of  assessment  com- 
panies, interinsurance  exchanges,  stock  fire,  mutual  fire, 
mutual  casualty  insurance  companies  or  fraternal  bene- 
ficiary societies.  However,  eighteen  of  such  organiza- 
tions optionally  maintain  deposits. 

The  total  par  value  deposits  on  June  30,  1928. 
amounted  to  $39,629,031,  an  increase  of  $2,395,380.74 
during  the  past  fiscal  year,  during  which  period  the  de- 
posits were  approximately  $9,200,000,  and  the  with- 
drawals approximately  $6,800,000,  making  the  total  de- 
posits and  withdrawals  in  excess  of  $16,000,000. 

More  than  two-thirds  of  the  securities  on  deposit 
consist  of  first  mortgage  loans,  the  balance  being  in  United 
States  Liberty  Loan  Bonds,  municipal  bonds,  joint  stock 
land  bank  bonds,  railway,  public  service  corporations, 
public  utility  bonds,  etc. 

From  the  year  1921  to  1928,  insurance  companies 
depositing  securities  with  the  Department  of  Trade  and 
Commerce,  Division  of  Insurance,  have  increased  from 
forty-six  to  sixty-nine,  and  the  total  amount  of  deposits 
have  increased  from  $25,000,000.00  to  $39,500,000.00,  or 
a  yearly  average  net  increase  of  deposits  over  withdrawals 
of  $2,000,000.     During  the  past  fiscal  year  interest  of 


206 

ILLINOIS 

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PROGRESS 


207 


General   office,   Division   of   Insurance.    Department   of   Trade   and 
Commerce,   Springfield 


approximately  $2,000,000  was  clipped  and  forwarded  to 
these  companies. 

In  1921,  the  securities  were  kept  in  an  old  vault  in 
the  main  office  of  the  Division  of  Insurance.  This  vault 
was  of  an  antique  type  constructed  of  brick  and  mortar 
and  equipped  with  a  single  combination  lock  and  very 
insecure.  In  1925,  a  modern  double  combination  and 
time  lock,  burglar-  and  fire-proof  vault  was  installed  in 
the  basement  under  the  main  office  of  the  Division  of  In- 
surance, and  also  a  twin  vault  with  a  combination  lock. 
These  vaults  are  constructed  with  reinforced  concrete  and 
sheet  boiler  steel  and  can  be  entered  only  through  the  main 
office  of  the  Insurance  Division,  by  a  closed  stairway,  at 
the  bottom  of  which  is  a  steel  door  equipped  with  a 
burglar-proof  lock. 

This  door  leads  into  a  large  room  divided  by  a  steel 
grill  with  a  similar  lock.  The  room  contains  regulation 
office  fixtures  and  telephone  and  is  entered  only  with  the 


208  ILLINOIS 

permission  of  and  accompanied  by  the  securities  examiner, 

who  is  the  sole  custodian  of  the  securities  and  is  heavily 
bonded. 

Financial  Branch 
The  following  table  indicates  the  nature,  source  and 

amount  of  collections  by  this  Division  for  the  year  end- 
ing June  30,  1928 : 

Agents'  certificates    (fire,  etc.) $  138,854.00 

Agents'   certificates    (life) 48,852.00 

Certificates  of  Comp.,  Dep.,  &  Val 2,671.00 

Registering   policies    2,039.50 

Annual  statements    (fire,   etc.) 9,657.00 

Annual   statements    (life) 2,740.00 

Examinations    31,534.69 

Privilege  Tax    5,088,409.48 

Fire  Marshal  Tax 138,325.81 

District,  County  &  Twp.  Mutuals 242.00 

Special  Agents,   (Surplus  Lines) 491.92 

Assessment  Associations    (filing  stmts.) 1,275.00 

State  licenses    3,380.00 

Lloyds  and  Inter-Insurers 2,545.40 

Valuing   Insurance    41,109.18 

Charters   filed    4,807.00 

Mutual  Union  Benefit  Assns 480.00 

Miscellaneous    3,525.83 


$  5,520,939.81 


It  is  interesting  to  note  the  marked  increase  in  the 
collections  of  the  Division.  In  1921  the  total  collections 
amounted  to  $3,379,365.62;  in  1923,  $3,600,983.00;  1925, 
$4,012,553.33;  1927,  $5,384,617.50,  and  1928,  $5,520,- 
939.81.  The  substantial  increase  in  the  revenue  of  this 
Department  reflects  a  corresponding  growth  in  this  State 
of  insurance  in  general  and  would  indicate  that  the  resi- 
dents of  Illinois  realize  the  value  of  the  protection  afford- 
ed against  the  hazards  of  life  and  property. 

Agents'  Licenses 

This  Department  is  charged  with  the  issuance  of 
licenses  to  agents  for  soliciting  applications  for  insurance 


PROGRESS  209 

and  issuing  of  policies  to  individuals  and  on  property 
located  in  the  State.  Under  existing  laws  all  persons 
soliciting  applications  for  insurance  for  the  following 
classes  of  companies  are  required  to  be  licensed  by  this 
Department :  Fire  and  Surety  Companies  and  Lloyds  of 
this  State,  and  Fire,  Life,  Casualty,  Surety  and  Lloyds 
of  other  states,  and  foreign  governments.  The  issuance 
of  licenses  and  the  minimum  fees  therefor  in  all  referred 
to  are  specifically  provided  for  in  the  laws  of  this  State; 
assessment  and  interinsurers'  licenses  are  issued  only  un- 
der the  reciprocal  law,  and  the  fees  charged  are  the  same 
as  are  charged  Illinois  associations  operating  in  the  var- 
ious states. 

All  licenses  issued  under  the  above  provisions  expire 
annually  as  follows :  Fire,  Life,  Casualty,  Assessment 
and  Lloyds  on  March  1st,  and  Surety  on  January  31st. 

From  January  1,  1927,  to  December  31,  1927,  the 
Division  of  Insurance  issued  approximately  91,000  such 
licenses,  divided  as  follows :  Fire,  47,000 ;  Life,  23,500  ; 
Casualty,  15,000 ;  Surety,  5,000 ;  Assessment  and  Lloyds, 
480 ;  and  Reciprocals,  20 ;  and  the  fees  collected  for  same 
were  in  excess  of  $182,000. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  all  licenses  expire  annually, 
either  on  January  31  or  March  1,  requisitions  for  re- 
newals requesting  about  70,000  licenses  are  received  on 
these  two  dates.  There  is  an  immense  amount  of  detail 
work  involved,  and  the  same  must  be  performed  rapidly 
and  accurately,  to  give  the  companies  the  service  to  which 
they  are  entitled. 

Prior  to  1922  the  form  of  agent's  certificate  in  use 
was  a  large  lithographed  sheet  measuring  9  by  14  inches 
and  was  not  in  any  way  adapted  for  practical  use,  and  the 
method  applied  in  the  issuance  of  licenses  was  fruitful  of 
error.  Each  company  furnished  a  list  of  its  agents  and 
the  certificates  were  written  in  the  Department.  Many 
of  the  lists  to  be  copied  were  written  in  long  hand  and  it 
was  impossible  to  avoid  mistakes.  The  result  was  that 
many  came  back   for  correction   causing  the   company 


210  ILLINOIS 

officials  and  the   Department   much   unnecessary   annoy- 
ance. 

In  1922,  under  Governor  Small's  administration,  the 
system  was  changed,  whereby  the  companies  filled  out 
four  small  attached  cards,  typewritten,  the  first  being  the 
requisition,  the  second,  triplicate  agent's  license,  the  third 
duplicate  agent's  license  and  the  fourth  the  agent's  license. 
After  the  cards  have  been  countersigned  in  the  Depart- 
ment, the  last  two  are  returned  to  the  company.  This 
arrangement  has  proven  very  satisfactory  in  every  way. 
The  company  has  a  duplicate  for  its  files  and  the  Depart- 
ment has  the  requisition,  which  is  filed  under  the  name  of 
the  company,  and  the  triplicate  license  is  filed  under  the 
name  of  the  agent.  At  the  present  time  two  people  are 
doing  all  the  work  in  this  branch,  while  in  the  past  it  re- 
quired six  or  eight,  and  virtually  none  of  the  cards  are 
returned  for  correction.  The  agent's  certificate  is  just 
the  size  to  fit  the  average  bill-fold,  while  the  old  litho- 
graphed sheet  was  only  good  to  frame  and  not  practicable 
to  carry,  even  though  it  was  often  needed  to  establish 
an  agent's  authority. 

Lloyds 

The  Division  of  Insurance  has  made  considerable 
progress  during  the  latter  half  of  the  year  1927,  in  the 
way  of  control  over  insurance  organizations  operating  on 
the  Lloyds  Plan.  This  Department  exerted  great  effort 
to  put  a  Bill  through  the  Illinois  Legislature  which  would 
strengthen  the  old  1911  Lloyds  Act.  The  old  Act  permit- 
ted Lloyds  to  be  licensed  to  write  only  fire,  lightning,  hail, 
windstorm  and  sprinkler  leakage  insurance,  but  most  of 
these  associations  were  writing  a  casualty  business  in  Illi- 
nois, and  this  office  was  powerless  and  had  no  authority 
to  control  them. 

At  the  1923  and  1925  sessions  of  the  Legislature, 
the  Department's  efforts  were  in  vain,  but  in  1927  a  new 
Lloyds  Act  was  passed,  providing  that  all  concerns  oper- 
ating as  Lloyds  in  the  State  of  Illinois  must  comply,  and 


PROGRESS  211 

permitting  this  office  to  license  and  control  them  both  in 
fire  and  casualty  lines. 

In  order  that  the  underwriter's  guarantee  fund  may 
always  be  available  for  the  protection  of  policy-holders, 
this  Department  by  a  special  ruling  requires  such  fund 
to  be  deposited  under  a  trust  deposit  agreement  with  a 
reputable  bank  or  trust  company,  as  trustee,  whereby  no 
securities  may  be  withdrawn  without  the  written  author- 
ization of  the  Director  of  Trade  and  Commerce.  All 
original  powers  of  attorney  are  also  required  to  be  on  file 
in  this  office. 

The  above  procedure  has  been  passed  upon  by  ca- 
pable legal  talent  and  held  to  be  a  discretionary  right  of 
the  Director  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 

ILLINOIS  STATE  GRAIN  INSPECTION 

George  Hitzman,  Chief  Grain  Inspector 

Early  in  the  development  of  the  American  Grain 
Markets,  a  need  was  felt  for  some  sort  of  official  standard 
by  which  different  samples  of  grain  could  be  accurately 
judged.  No  recognized  public  authority  was  sanctioned; 
if  the  buyer  sold  again,  additional  examinations  became 
necessary,  each  with  its  attendant  disagreements  as  to 
quality  and  price.  The  pioneer  business  of  grain  market- 
ing, indeed,  was  filled  with  time-consuming  details  and  in 
the  end  neither  party  in  the  trade  was  likely  to  be  satisfied. 

Chicago  was  the  first  market  in  the  world  to  recog- 
nize and  meet  the  necessity  for  inspection  by  a  disinter- 
ested party,  and  grain  inspection,  as  it  is  known  today,  had 
its  origin  in  the  year  1857,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Chi- 
cago Board  of  Trade.  The  railroads  had  not  then  ex- 
tended their  lines  far  into  the  western  prairies  and  the 
receipts  of  grain  were  almost  entirely  from  Wisconsin 
and  the  northern  part  of  Illinois. 

By  the  year  1870  practically  all  of  the  primary  mar- 
kets of  the  United  States  dealing  exclusively  in  grain  had 
adopted  rules  and  had  organized  inspection  departments 
modeled  after  the  Chicago  Grain  Inspection.     With  the 


212 


ILLINOIS 


Section  of  Record  Clerk's  office,  Division  of  Grain  Inspection, 
Chicago 


development  of  the  great  western  wheat  fields  competi- 
tion in  the  various  exchanges  became  increasingly  keen 
and  there  was  little  incentive  offered  to  uniformity  of 
grades  and  their  application  in  the  several  markets.  In- 
spection certificates  in  one  market  were  often  refused  in 
other  markets  for  no  apparent  or  logical  reason.  As  a 
consequence  of  wide  dissatisfaction  with  the  system  of 
inspection  then  in  operation,  the  State  of  Illinois,  under 
the  authority  of  the  Constitution  of  1870,  stepped  in  and 
assumed  official  charge  with  the  appointment  of  William 
F.  Tompkins  as  Chief  Grain  Inspector,  July  3,  1871. 
Since  that  date  state  inspection  has  been  the  official  in- 
spection on  the  Chicago  Grain  Exchange  and  all  other 
inter-state  and  intra-state  shipments  as  well.  Inspection 
at  East  St.  Louis  was  inaugurated  August  1,  1897  with 
the  appointment  of  G.  E.  Compton  as  Superintendent  of 
Inspection  in  charge. 


PROGRESS 


213 


Grain  Sampler  taking  samples  from  a  car  load  of  grain, 
Division  of  Grain  Inspection,  Chicago 


The  inspection  and  grading  of  grain  in  Illinois  has 
now  reached  a  stage  where  no  portion  of  the  great  grain 
marketing  business  moves  with  greater  ease  and  more 
efficiency.  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Missouri,  Kansas, 
Washington,  Oregon  and  other  states  have  followed  the 
example  of  Illinois  and  instituted  official  inspection  serv- 
ices under  full  state  control. 

Grain  inspection  now  has  a  far  more  important 
meaning  than  that  ascribed  to  it  in  earlier  history  and  the 
grain  inspection  department  of  the  present  has  become  a 
more  essential  factor  in  the  transaction  of  business  as 
between  the  producer,  dealer  and  consumer.  Our  present 
system  of  inspection  is  not  the  inception  of  the  moment 
but  rather  the  outgrowth  of  the  wonderful  evolution  that 
has  taken  place  in  the  methods  of  marketing  and  handling 
grain  within  the  last  half  century.  As  the  trade  continues 
to  progress  so  must  the  work  of  the  inspectors  improve  to 
meet  the  demands  and  added  responsibilities. 


214 


ILLINOIS 


Inspecting  grain — a  section  of  the  inspection  room, 
Division  of  Grain  Inspection,  Chicago 

Conforms  to  U.  S.  Grain  Standards  Act 

During  the  past  seven  years  all  grain  inspections  in 
the  State  of  Illinois  have  been  made  strictly  in  conform- 
ance with  the  United  States  Grain  Standards  Act  and 
every  precaution  has  been  taken  to  assure  both  the  ship- 
per and  receiver  a  square  deal  for  we  realize  most  keen- 
ly the  fact  that  we  are  placing  a  value  upon  other  people's 
property. 

The  position  of  the  Illinois  Inspection  Department 
in  its  relation  to  the  public  is  one  of  peculiar  difficulty 
and  responsibility.  It  stands  as  an  arbitrator  between 
buyer  and  seller,  between  producer  and  consumer,  and 
practically  fixes  the  value  of  the  immense  quantities  of 
grain  passing  under  its  supervision.  At  times  it  has  been 
subjected  to  violent  pressure  in  one  direction  from  the 
receivers  and  again  in  a  contrary  direction  from  eastern 
and  foreign  buyers  and  to  harsh  and  often  unmerited 
criticism  from  both. 


PROGRESS 


215 


Testing"  grain  for  moisture — a  section  of  the  moisture  testing 
room,  Division  of  Grain  Inspection,  Chicago 

Notwithstanding  the  criticism  that  has  been  voiced 
against  it,  the  aim  at  all  times  of  those  in  charge  has  been 
to  secure  such  fair  interpretation  and  impartial  applica- 
tion of  existing  rules  as  to  do  exact  justice  to  all  parties 
interested  and  at  the  same  time  to  maintain  the  present 
enviable  reputation  borne  by  the  certificates  of  the  de- 
partment in  the  markets  of  the  world.  The  inspection  of 
the  Illinois  Grain  Inspection  Department  has  been  of 
slow  and  steady  growth,  has  practically  changed  the  busi- 
ness methods  of  the  grain  trade  wherever  American 
cereals  are  consumed,  and  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  the 
preeminence  of  Chicago  as  a  grain  market  is  due,  in  a 
measure,  to  the  public  confidence  in  the  integrity  and 
accuracy  of  the  work  of  her  inspectors  as  well  as  to  the 
favorable  location,  her  unsurpassed  facilities  and  the 
push  and  enterprise  of  her  citizens. 

Grain  Inspection  has  taught  the  farmers  to  appre- 
ciate the  factors  which  control  the  grading  of  grain  and 


216 


ILLINOIS 


has  been  the  cause  of  their  now  growing  standard  varie- 
ties adapted  to  their  particular  soil  and  climate.  It  also 
has  shown  them  the  necessity  of  planting  seed  that  is  pure- 
bred only,  and  free  from  weed  seed  and  other  adultera- 
tion. The  most  progressive  farmers  are  now  taking  every 
precaution  to  prevent  injury  from  insect  pests  and  damage 
to  their  grain  from  plant  diseases.  They  are  exercising 
more  care  in  the  harvesting,  threshing,  and  storage  of 
their  wheat,  oats,  corn  and  barley.  They  are  demanding 
and  receiving  better  service  from  country  elevators  and 
commission  men.  Grain  inspection  has  standardized  the 
growing  and  marketing  of  grain  and  has  made  possible 
premium  prices  for  premium  grain. 

Illinois  Commerce  Commission 

P.  H.  Moynihan,  Chairman 
Hal  W.  Trovillion 
Wm.  J.  Smith 
Edward  H.  Wright 
Alex  J.  Johnson 
J.  Paul  Kuhn 

Commissioners 

Julius  Johnson,  Secretary 

EXECUTIVE  SECTION 

A^  review  of  the  work  of  the  Illinois  Commerce 
Commission  discloses  a  remarkable  record  for  the  volume 
of  business  transacted. 

The  Commission  has  ordered  reductions  in  utility 
rates,  during  the  1921-1927  period,  resulting  in  a  saving 
to  the  people  of  Illinois  aggregating  $100,000,000  and 
affecting  1,789  cities  and  municipalities.  As  a  result  of 
these  reductions,  public  confidence  has  been  restored  and 
good  will  promoted  and  established,  so  that  today  public 
utility  stocks  and  securities  are  selling  at  from  25  to  35 
per  cent  higher  than  in  1921. 


PROGRESS  217 

A  glance  at  the  following  tabulations  will  reveal  the 
magnitude  of  the  seven  and  one-half  years'  business 
transacted  by  the  Commission  in  every  line  of  public 
utility  regulation : 

Applications,  petitions  and  complaints  filed 7,167 

Formal  hearings  conducted 11,937 

Informal   complaints   adjusted 17,949 

Orders    entered 13,841 

Authorizations 

Securities    authorized    $1,542,082,141 

Fees  collected    $635,133 

In  harmony  with  the  policy  inaugurated  by  Governor 
Small's  administration,  the  Illinois  Commerce  Commis- 
sion has  functioned  for  the  people  without  prejudice  or 
injury  to  any  public  utility  under  its  jurisdiction,  on  the 
broad  principle  of  fairness  and  justice  to  all  concerned. 

ENGINEERING  SECTION 

The  Commission,  recognizing  the  importance  of 
proper  and  adequate  service,  has  through  its  engineers 
developed  a  method  whereby  the  actual  quality  of  service 
furnished  by  utilities  can  be  accurately  measured.  This 
method  of  grading  service  has  proven  to  be  of  great  value 
to  the  utilities  and  to  consumers  throughout  the  State. 
The  Commission  has  received  numerous  inquiries  regard- 
ing the  method  of  operation  of  this  grading  system  from 
other  State  commissions,  public  utilities,  and  the  National 
Bureau  of  Standards.  The  Commission  makes  regular 
inspections  of  the  service  furnished  in  each  community. 
During  this  period  6,819  service  inspections  have  been 
conducted. 

Rate  cases  require  that  the  Commission  have  a  com- 
plete inventory  and  appraisal  of  the  utility's  property,  in- 
formation of  the  operating  costs,  depreciation,  and  esti- 
mates showing  the  effect  of  any  changes  in  rates  upon 
the  income  of  the  property.  The  Commission  has  con- 
sistently adhered  to  the  policy  that  an  independent  check 
of  all  these  factors  should  be  made  by  its  own  engineers. 


"218  ILLINOIS 

During  this  period  the  engineers  have  inventoried  and 
appraised  electric  property  amounting  to  $79,698,000, 
telephone  property  amounting  to  $33,423,000,  water  prop- 
erty amounting  to  $25,215,000,  heat  property  amounting 
to  $2,150,000,  and  gas  property  amounting  to  $20,652,000. 
Total  property  thus  inventoried  and  appraised  $161,- 
138,000. 

Utilities  are  required  to  file  annual  statements  show- 
ing costs  of  operation,  revenues  and  changes  in  property 
and  these  reports  are  available  to  public  inspection. 

One  of  the  most  important  investigations  in  the  utility 
field  ever  carried  out  resulted  in  the  adoption  of  what 
is  known  as  General  Order  115,  which  covers  standards 
for  overhead  electric  line  construction  throughout  this 
State.  Investigations  which  led  to  the  adoption  of  this 
general  order  were  carried  out  over  a  period  of  several 
years  and  covered  the  construction  of  methods  of  a  large 
number  of  utilities  throughout  the  State. 

The  great  expansion  of  the  hard  road  system  under 
Governor  Small's  administration  has  resulted  in  a  very 
pronounced  extension  of  the  railroad  activities  of  the 
Commission.  Many  of  these  hard  roads  cross  railroads, 
and  usually  these  crossings  are  at  grade.  The  safety  of 
the  traveling  public  demands  that  these  grade  crossings 
be  adequately  protected  and  the  Commission  has  uni- 
formly insisted  that  proper  crossing  signals  be  installed 
and  the  crossing  itself  be  constructed  to  afford  the  great- 
est measure  of  traveling  safety. 

Informal  Cases 

Accidents — Investigations   and   Reports.. 568 

Complaints — Investigations  and   Reports 4,849 

All  other  Investigations  and  Reports 893 

Wire   Crossing   Permits 1,248 

Interlocking  Plans  Approved 579 

Interlocking  Plants  Inspected 332 

Interlocking   Permits   Issued 256 

Service  Inspections   6,819 

Facility  Licenses    2,405 


Total 17,949 


PROGRESS  219 

ACCOUNTING  SECTION 

During  the  period  beginning  January  1,  1921,  and 
ending  June  '30,  1928,  the  Commission  authorized  utilities 
to  issue  securities  in  the  aggregate  amount  of  $1,542,082,- 
141.47.  The  orders  authorizing  the  foregoing  securities 
provided  for  fees  payable  into  the  State  Treasury  in  the 
aggregate  amount  of  $661,425.24. 

The  following  tabulation  shows  the  amount  of  securi- 
ties authorized  during  each  year,  or  portion  of  year,  as 

indicated : 

Amount 

Period  Authorized 

Jan.  1,  1921,  to  June  30,  1921 $      96,964,242.00 

July  1,  1921,  to  June  30,  1922 207,105,347.31 

July  1,  1922,  to  June  30,  1923 363,944,002.67 

July  1,  1923,  to  June  30,  1924 194,988,347.84 

July  1,  1924,  to  June  30,  1925 155,925,128.00 

July  1,  1925,  to  June  30,  1926 154,718,625.65 

July  1,  1926,  to  June  30,  1927 183,112,053.00 

July  1,  1927,  to  June  30,  1928 185,324,395.00 

Total     $1,542,082,141.47 

Utilities  Under  Jurisdiction  of  Commission 

At  the  present  time  there  are  994  utilities  of  various 
classes  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Commission. 

The  following  tabulation  gives  the  number  of  each  of 
the  various  classes  as  of  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  1928: 
Class  Number 

Steam,  Electric  and  Water  Carriers 210 

Motor  Bus  Lines 112 

Electric,  Gas,  Heat  and  Water  Utilities 205 

Grain  Elevators — Public  Storage   28 

Telegraph  and  Telephone  Companies 439 

Total    994 

Communities   Served    1,789 

Consumers    1,700,000 

Book  Value  of  investment  in  Public  Utilities  in 

the   State  of   Illinois 

Total    $1,100,000,000 


220  ILLINOIS 

SECTION  RATES  AND  TARIFFS 

During  the  period  January  1,  1921,  to  July  1,  1928, 
reductions  in  rates  were  made  by  order  or  approval  of 
the  Commission  in  the  number  of  cities,  towns  or  villages 
indicated  below : 

Electric  lighting  rates 832 

Electric  power  rates 1,010 

Electric  cooking,  heating  and  domestic  appliances 561 

General  and  industrial  gas  rates 294 

House  heating  gas  rates 3g 

During  this  same  period  numerous  reductions  were 
made  by  order  of  the  Commission  in  the  rates  for  the 
transportation  of  bituminous  coal  from  various  mines  in 
Illinois,  principal  among  which  are : 

Reduction  of  11  cents  per  ton  in  the  rates  to  East  St. 
Louis. 

Reduction  of  5  cents  per  ton  in  the  rates  to  Chicago. 

Reduction  of  21  cents  per  ton  in  the  rates  to  Moline. 

Reduction  of  17  cents  per  ton  to  Preeport  and  Rockford. 

Reduction  of  22  cents  per  ton  to  Peoria. 

Reduction  of  27  cents  per  ton  to  Hoopeston. 

Reduction  of  42  cents  per  ton  from  the  Springfield  dis- 
trict to  Bloomington. 

Reduction  of  13  cents  per  ton  to  Cairo. 

Effective  July  1,  1922,  all  freight  rates  were  reduced  10 
per  cent  by  order  of  the  Commission. 

DIVISION  OF  FIRE  PREVENTION 

S.  L.  Legreid,  Fire  Marshal 

^  There  was  a  noticeable  stir  in  society  when  the 
Smiths  came  to  town.  They  leased  an  exclusive  mansion 
and  furnished  it  with  oriental  rugs  and  luxurious  furnish- 
ings. They  were  welcomed  at  once  into  the  select  social 
circles  and  entered  prominently  into  church  activities. 

When  the  mansion  burned  to  the  ground  shortly, 
the  whole  community  sympathized  with  the  Smiths  in  the 
loss  of  their  rare  and  expensive  furnishings.  Fire 
surance  companies  paid  the  insurance  in  full,  $10,000. 


in- 


PROGRESS 


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ILLINOIS 


PROGRESS  223 

In  the  course  of  time  the  State  fire  marshal  learned 
that  some  boxes  had  been  shipped  from  the  mansion  a 
short  time  before  the  fire.  Deputies  began  checking  up. 
In  a  Chicago  warehouse  a  quantity  of  the  furnishings 
was  located.  Inquiry  developed  that  Smith  had  a  record 
as  a  notorious  firebug  in  another  state. 

A  man  hunt  for  six  years  followed,  leading  to  South 
America  and  back,  but  finally  the  quarry  was  taken  in 
Chicago,  following  a  humble  trade  under  an  assumed 
name.     He  confessed  and  received  a  prison  sentence. 

(This  is  a  summary  of  a  case  taken  from  the  fire 
marshal's  files,  with  the  name  Smith  substituted  for  the 
real  name.) 

Chasing  the  firebug  is  one  of  the  important  activities 
of  the  fire  marshal.  Not  all  the  cases  have  the  thrills  of 
this  one.  Most  of  them  are  sordid  and  devoid  of  interest- 
ing detail.  Business  men  reach  the  brink  of  failure  and 
burn  to  collect  the  insurance.  Private  citizens  burn  homes 
and  furnishings  to  defraud  insurance  companies.  Some 
fires  are  set  for  revenge  on  persons  against  whom  the 
perpetrator  has  a  real  or  fancied  grievance.  Others  are 
set  to  cover  evidence  of  a  crime,  such  as  murder  or  rob- 
bery. A  few  are  set  by  a  class  of  insane  persons  known 
as  pyromaniacs. 

Deputies  of  the  fire  marshal  are  busy  continuously 
trying  to  round  up  incendiaries  and  protect  the  public 
from  their  activities.  A  firebug  cares  naught  whose 
property  may  be  burned  or  how  many  lives  may  be  lost 
;when  he  applies  the  torch.  Convictions  in  the  last  seven 
years  have  been  as  follows : 

1921,  eleven;  1922,  eleven;  1923,  twenty-two;  1924, 
<  fourteen;  1925,  twelve;  1926,  nine;  1927,  eleven. 

During  the  last  few  months  the  fire  marshal  has  or- 
ganized arson  squads  in  the  principal  communities  of  the 
State  to  cooperate  with  him.  The  personnel  is  drawn 
from  the  police  and  fire  departments,  with  representation 
also  from  civic  organizations.  These  local  squads  func- 
tion at  once  if  a  fire  appears  suspicious  and  get  the  evi- 


224  ILLINOIS 

dence  in  hand  while  awaiting  the  arrival  of  a  deputy  fire 
marshal.  Through  this  method  the  fire  marshal  has  a 
State-wide  network  with  which  to  enmesh  the  firebug. 

Protecting  the  School  Children 

The  law  requires  children  of  school  age  to  attend 
school  a  certain  portion  of  each  year.  Only  a  small  per- 
centage of  the  school  buildings  in  Illinois  are  fire-safe.  I 
Many  are  firetraps,  some  of  them  of  the  worst  sort.  Yet 
the  children  have  no  choice  but  to  attend  and  parents  are 
forced  by  the  law  to  send  them. 

The  fire  marshal  is  using  his  authority  to  the  utmost 
to  cause  school  authorities  to  make  their  buildings  as  safe 
from  fire  as  possible  and  to  provide  sufficient  means  of 
safe  exit  in  case  of  fire. 

"Every  school  child  is  entitled  to  a  safe  schoolhouse," 
is  the  idea  back  of  a  school  survey  which  has  been  in 
progress  for  the  past  three  years.  Conditions  have  been 
found  which  would  make  possible  a  repetition  of  disasters 
which  have  occurred  in  other  states,  with  costly  loss  of 
life.  These  the  school  authorities  have  been  ordered  to 
remedy  promptly. 

Safe  heating  equipment,  fire-proof  boiler  rooms,  ap- 
proved electric  wiring,  safe  metal  containers  for  inflam- 
mable materials,  sufficient  exit  facilities,  adequate  fire 
escape  equipment  and  systematic  fire  drills  are  some  of 
the  important  requirements  of  the  fire  marshal. 

Rural  schools  have  been  covered  as  well  as  city 
schools  and  it  is  estimated  that  there  has  been  at  least  a 
50  per  cent  improvement  in  school  safety  in  the  last  three 
years.  Cooperation  of  parents  is  urged  by  the  fire  marshal 
to  help  get  backward  school  boards  into  line. 

Rockford  is  a  conspicuous  example  of  progress  in 
school  safety.  During  the  present  summer  vacation  all 
schools  are  being  fully  equipped  with  fire  escapes  to  a 
total  of  21,  fire  doors  installed  and  all  electric  wiring  over- 
hauled. Mt.  Vernon  schools  are  also  fully  equipped  with 
fire  escapes. 


PROGRESS  225 

The  same  attention  is  being  given  to  parochial 
schools  as  to  public  schools. 

Collinwood,  Ohio,  sacrificed  175  school  children  to 
fire  and  St.  John's  parochial  school  at  Peabody,  Mass., 
22.  At  Cleveland,  S.  C,  77  pupils  and  relatives  perished 
at  graduation  exercises  and  36  died  at  a  Christmas  eve 
celebration  at  Hobart,  Okla.,  the  latter  in  a  typical  one 
room  country  schoolhouse  with  but  one  exit.  Illinois 
wants  none  of  these  horrors. 

Inspection  Service 

Illinois'  annual  bonfire  costs  more  than  20  million 
dollars.  In  1927  it  was  $21,961,452,  which  was  the  lowest 
nark  in  four  years.  It  is  the  purpose  of  the  Division  of 
Fire  Prevention  to  reduce  this  loss  by  eliminating  fire 
lazards. 

Deputy  state  fire  marshals  travel  the  State  constantly, 
/isiting  the  various  communities  and  inspecting  property 
other  than  residence  property.  If  fire  hazards  or  unsafe 
:onditions  are  found,  orders  are  issued  to  remedy  them. 
This  is  a  service  not  only  for  the  property  owner  or  tenant, 
)ut  for  the  community,  since  every  fire  is  the  possible 
;ource  of  a  conflagration. 

The  Division  has  ample  power  under  the  law  to  en- 
tree its  orders  through  court  procedure,  and  does  so 
vhen  necessary.  It  is  the  desire,  and  has  been  the  policy 
)f  the  Division,  however,  to  bring  about  compliances  by 
)ersuasion.  Most  individuals  readily  comply  when  the 
mportance  of  doing  so  is  explained  to  them. 

Special  attention  is  given  to  old,  dilapidated  property, 
elics  of  a  former  generation  which  have  become  eye- 
ores  and  fire  hazards.  Removal  of  these  through  efforts 
)f  the  Division  has  made  way  for  the  construction  of 
nodern  buildings  in  many  communities  and  has  created  a 
general  improvement  in  appearances  and  values. 

Another  service  is  rendered  communities  in  the 
landling  of  special  hazards,  such  as  oil  storage  and  dry 
leaning  plants.  Special  rules  apply  to  both  of  these  and 
re  rigidly  enforced. 


226  ILLINOIS 


These  requirements  minimize  the  hazard  to  such  an 
extent  that  nearby  property  is  not  penalized  with  a  heavy 
insurance  rate.  Without  the  Division's  requirements, 
whole  blocks  of  property  would  often  be  penalized. 

Protection  of  life  is  given  careful  attention  in  the  in- 
spection work.  Hospitals,  hotels,  theaters,  churches, 
public  halls  and  other  places  of  a  similar  nature  are  re- 
quired to  maintain  safe  and  ample  exit  facilities  as  well  as 
control  fire  hazards. 

The  Division  at  this  time  is  trying  to  rid  the  State 
of  the  great  hazard  to  life  which  is  caused  when  public 
garages  are  located  in  the  same  building  with  public  halls, 
hotels,  apartments,  etc.  Forty  persons  were  killed  out- 
right at  West  Plains,  Mo.,  early  this  year  by  an  explosion 
and  fire  in  a  garage  below  a  hall  in  which  a  dance  was 
being  held. 

Danger  of  Gasoline 

No  less  than  eight  persons  were  killed  in  Illinois 
last  year  as  a  result  of  dry  cleaning  in  the  home  with 
gasoline  or  naphtha. 

These  liquids  are  very  volatile  and  the  vapors  they 
give  off  are  readily  ignited  by  a  small  spark.  Static  elec- 
tricity, sometimes  generated  by  the  rubbing  of  silks  and 
woolens  during  the  cleaning  process,  is  sufficient  to  do 
this.  Home  dry  cleaning,  if  done  at  all,  should  be  done 
out  of  doors. 

A  woman,  now  a  resident  of  Springfield,  sacrificed 
both  arms  and  was  horribly  maimed  about  face  and  body, 
as  a  result  of  using  a  tub  of  gasoline  to  do  her  spring 
cleaning  of  draperies,  etc.  She  wore  a  woolen  dress  and  it 
became  more  or  less  wet  with  gasoline.  After  finishing 
her  cleaning  she  went  to  the  kitchen  and  lit  the  gas  stove 
to  prepare  lunch.  Gasoline  vapors  from  her  dress  ignited 
and  enveloped  her  in  flame. 

Examples  of  this  kind  are  not  at  all  infrequent. 

Firemen's  Short  Course 

One  of  the  greatest  accomplishments  in  this  or  any 
other  state  in  the  interest  of  reducing  fire  losses  is  the 


PROGRESS  227 

Short  Course  on  Fire  Prevention,  Control  and  Ex- 
tinguishment, inaugurated  in  1925  at  the  University  of 
Illinois  and  held  annually  since  that  time.  Here  for  four 
days  experts  explain  and  demonstrate  all  phases  of  the 
fire  problem,  including  first  aid  and  life  saving.  The 
course  is  open  without  charge  to  all  firemen,  city  officials 
and  to  anyone  interested  in  the  fire  problem.  This  year 
a  drill  tower  was  erected  by  the  State  and  the  attendance 
set  a  new  high  record.  There  is  a  real  service  by  the  State 
to  its  various  communities.  Governor  Small,  the  univer- 
sity and  the  Illinois  Firemen's  association  cooperated 
heartily  in  establishing  the  short  course  and  in  securing 
the  appropriation  from  the  Legislature  to  provide  the 
drill  tower.  Several  other  states  have  followed  our  lead 
and  have  begun  short  courses. 

Aid  Given  Murphysboro 

By  direction  of  Governor  Small,  the  Division  took 
charge  of  the  clean-up  of  Murphysboro  after  the  dis- 
astrous tornado  in  1925.  It  was  a  gigantic  task,  as  whole 
city  blocks  were  littered  with  debris  and  fallen  trees.  All 
of  this  had  to  be  hauled  away  and  burned.  For  weeks  a 
fleet  of  trucks  and  tractors  was  kept  busy.  It  looked 
like  an  endless  job,  but  organization,  plus  time  and  labor- 
saving  devices,  soon  had  it  moving  with  dispatch. 

This  kind  of  work  is  somewhat  outside  of  the  activi- 
ties of  the  Division,  but  it  was  a  source  of  satisfaction  to 
be  able  to  render  effective  aid  to  a  community  in  distress. 

DIVISION  OF  STANDARDS 

The  results  attained  in  the  Weights  and  Measures 
Department  since  the  organization  of  the  Department,  un- 
der the  Weights  and  Measures  Act  in  1921,  have  been 
gratifying.  The  success  of  the  work  of  this  Division  can- 
not be  measured  alone  by  the  detailed  report  of  the  number 
of  weights,  measures,  and  weighing  and  measuring  de- 
vices sealed  or  condemned  as  set  forth  in  reports  from 
year  to  year,  but  also  by  the  restraint  there  is  on  the  un- 


228  ILLINOIS 

scrupulous  dealer  who,  fearing  detection,  hesitates  to  con- 
tinue his  dishonest  practices. 

This  is  a  work  of  vast  importance  which  affects  all 
classes  of  citizens,  as  the  application  and  the  underlying 
principles  of  the  Weights  and  Measures  Law  affect  more 
people  than  any  other  law  on  the  statute  books.  In  their 
many  applications,  the  Weights  and  Measures  Act  defi- 
nitely establishes  a  link  between  law  and  commercial  life. 
The  producer,  the  distributor  and  the  consumer  are  the 
three  factors  in  our  commercial  life  and  their  systems  of 
doing  business  are  dependent  upon  sound  principles. 
More  stress  is  laid  on  the  enforcement  of  the  Weights 
and  Measures  Law,  since  it  affects  the  class  of  citizens 
who  can  least  afford  to  protect  themselves.  The  prin- 
cipal object  of  this  work  is  to  create  a  barrier  which  will 
overcome  temptation  to  be  dishonest. 

Under  the  enforcement  of  The  Weights  and  Meas- 
ures Law  in  this  State,  all  weighing  and  measuring  ap- 
paratus have  become  public  utilities  which,  when  oper- 
ated correctly,  weigh  accurately  for  both  the  tradesman 
and  the  purchaser.  The  fact  that  a  measuring  device  is 
usually  owned  by  the  seller  does  not  give  any  special 
privilege  in  its  operation.  Legitimate  and  honest  com- 
petition depends  entirely  upon  the  protection  given  by  the 
State  in  this  matter,  and  anyone  who  violates  these  prin- 
ciples immediately  becomes  a  menace  to  the  community 
in  which  he  lives. 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  Weights 
and  Measures  Act,  the  weighing  and  measuring  equip- 
ment at  all  State  institutions  maintained  by  funds  appro- 
priated by  the  State  Legislature,  has  been  given  the  an- 
nual inspection  and  test.  Adjustments  were  made  where 
required,  recommendations  for  replacement  of  or  repairs 
to  apparatus  offered  in  all  cases  where  this  was  deemed 
conducive  to  the  best  interests  of  the  State  in  its  pur- 
chase of  supplies,  and  everything  done  to  bring  all  State- 
used  equipment  up  to  the  required  standard  of  accuracy. 

This  Department,  not  being  provided  with  a  sufn- 


PROGRESS  229 

cient  amount  of  test  weights  with  which  to  test  railroad 
track  scales,  has  adopted  the  policy  of  accompanying  the 
inspectors  of  the  railroads  who  make  inspections  in  the 
State  with  test  cars  provided  for  that  purpose,  also  to 
accompany  representatives  from  the  Bureau  of  Stand- 
ards, Washington,  D.  C,  who  are  provided  with  equip- 
ment for  testing  railroad  track  scales,  when  making  such 
tour  of  inspection  in  Illinois. 

Some  of  the  activities  of  this  Department  should  be 
enumerated  here  in  order  that  the  public  may  know  of 
the  great  scope  of  the  work.  All  scales,  weights,  gaso- 
line pumps,  measures  and  weighing  and  measuring  de- 
vices are  inspected  at  least  once  annually  and  in  hundreds 
of  cases  much  oftener.  The  reweighing  of  loads  of  coal 
and  the  commodities  in  the  various  stores  are  important 
phases  of  the  work  and  act  as  a  check  upon  dishonest 
dealers.  The  enforcement  of  the  net  weight  laws  is  an- 
other important  undertaking,  especially  when  it  applies 
to  foodstuffs  put  up  in  package  form  required  by  law  to 
have  the  net  weight  of  the  contents  of  the  package  marked 
thereon. 

Literature  has  been  published  from  time  to  time  bear- 
ing on  the  new  law,  such  as  copies  of  the  Weights  and 
Measures  Act,  copies  of  tolerances  and  specifications  on 
weights  and  measures,  and  weighing  and  measuring  de- 
vices, and  a  pamphlet  entitled,  "Instructions  to  Mer- 
chants," relative  to  the  care  and  adjustment  of  their  scales, 
has  been  issued,  together  with  information  showing  the 
number  of  pounds  per  bushel  of  commodities  required  to 
be  sold  by  weight  and  the  capacity  of  containers  for  fruits, 
vegetables  and  berries  when  sold  or  offered  for  sale  by 
merchants  for  distribution  by  the  inspectors  of  weights 
and  measures  in  their  daily  routine.  A  folder  has  also 
been  issued  showing  the  number  of  pounds  per  bushel  of 
commodities  required  by  law  to  be  sold  by  weight,  and  the 
capacity  of  standard  containers  for  fruits  and  vegetables, 
and  the  capacity  of  berry  boxes,  the  marking  of  foods 
sold  in  package  form,  and  other  valuable  information  for 


230  ILLINOIS 

the  housewife  for  distribution  by  household  economic  de- 
partments of  Women's  Clubs  and  Superintendents  of 
Household  Economic  Departments  in  the  various  schools 
in  the  State. 

The  routine  office  work  has  very  materially  increased, 
particularly  in  the  matter  of  correspondence.  Questions 
are  continually  being  submitted  by  individuals  as  well  as 
manufacturers,  not  only  in  this  State  but  in  other  states. 

The  Department  is  receiving  the  cooperation  of 
honest  merchants,  who  realize  that  the  Weights  and  Meas- 
ures Law  reduces  competition  among  dealers  who  former- 
ly were  apt  to  cut  prices  on  the  basis  of  short  weight. 

The  annual  exhibit  at  the  Inter-State  Fair  at  Kan- 
kakee, and  the  Illinois  State  Fair,  have  proved  very  at- 
tractive and  interesting  to  the  public,  and  special  effort 
has  been  made  to  acquaint  people  with  some  of  the  most 
important  features  of  the  Weights  and  Measures  Act. 

DIVISION   OF  SMALL   LOANS 

The  Uniform  Small  Loan  Law  was  enacted  by  the 
Illinois  Legislature  in  1917,  and  its  administration  was 
placed  in  the  Department  of  Trade  and  Commerce,  where 
it  has  since  remained,  and  has  become  a  Division  of  some 
importance.  In  1921,  the  first  year  of  Governor  Small's 
administration,  this  Division  was  supervising  the  busi- 
ness of  133  licensed  lenders.  At  the  present  time  268 
licensed  lenders  are  operating  in  Illinois  under  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Uniform  Small  Loan  Law.  The  original 
law  was  amended  in  1925  to  permit  corporations  to  en- 
gage in  the  business  of  loaning  money.  Following  this 
amendment  many  of  the  firms  engaged  in  the  business 
were  incorporated.  Small  loan  licensees  conduct  their 
business  with  their  own  capital,  and  do  not  receive  de- 
posits. 

The  Uniform  Small  Loan  Law  is  sponsored  by  the 
Russell  Sage  Foundation  of  New  York,  and  has  been 
adopted  by  many  states  with  beneficial  results,  both  to 


PROGRESS  231 

lenders  and  borrowers.  Its  primary  purpose  is  the  pro- 
tection of  necessitous  borrowers  from  the  exactions  and 
impositions  of  unscrupulous  money  lenders.  The  Uni- 
form Small  Loan  Law,  in  every  state  where  it  has  been 
adopted,  has  practically  eliminated  the  "loan  shark".  The 
patrons  of  small  loan  lenders  are  a  class  of  people  who 
would  have  no  credit  in  a  bank,  as  a  rule,  yet  must,  in 
occasions  of  unusual  stress,  borrow  money.  The  small 
loan  lender  provides  this  accommodation,  and  the  state 
safeguards  the  interest  of  the  borrower,  who  may  not, 
at  all  times,  know  how  to  protect  himself. 

The  Uniform  Small  Loan  Law  has  also  resulted  in 
general  benefit  to  the  individuals  and  corporations  oper- 
ating under  its  provisions.  It  has  elevated  their  business 
to  a  legitimate  and  law-abiding  plane  with  an  acknowl- 
edged place  in  business  circles.  The  Licensed  Lenders 
Association  of  Illinois  is  a  division  in  the  Chicago 
Chamber  of  Commerce.  Such  is  the  development  of  a 
few  years  under  wholesome  and  careful  State  supervision. 


232  ILLINOIS 


Department  of  Registration 
and  Education 

A.  M.  Shelton,  Director 

SOUTHERN  ILLINOIS  STATE  NORMAL 
UNIVERSITY 

Henry  W.  Shryock,  President 

IN  NO  LESS  marked  degree  than  Eton  has  left  its  im- 
press on  the  education  of  England,  or  Heidelberg  on 
that  of  Germany,  the  Southern  Illinois  State  Normal 
University  stands  as  the  center  of  learning  and  culture  in 
southern  Illinois.  This  State  college  is  the  only  institu- 
tion of  its  class  in  that  great  section  of  Illinois  which  is 
known  as  Egypt. 

To  its  doors  have  come  those  who  have  sought  the 
higher  lines  of  education;  they  have  gone  forth  fitted  to 
teach  the  rising  generations  and  through  the  efforts  of 
the  Southern  Illinois  State  Normal  University  and  the 
teachers  trained  in  this  institution  the  growth  of  educa- 
tion in  the  section  served  has  been  most  advanced. 

The  greatest  period  of  progress  since  the  establish- 
ment of  this  State  school  has  been  during  the  last  eight 
years.  At  the  beginning  of  this  period  the  Southern  Illi- 
nois State  Normal  University  had  a  faculty  of  forty-five 
members;  at  present  there  are  eighty  members.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  eight-year  period  there  were  none  who 
had  worked  out  the  three  years  of  graduate  work  required 
for  the  degree  of  Ph.  D. ;  for  the  present  academic  year 
there  are  three  to  whom  this  degree  has  already  been 
granted,  with  two  others  completing  the  residence  work 
required  for  the  degree,  and  whose  final  theses  have  been 
accepted. 

Eight  years  ago  only  twelve  had  attained  the  master7 
degree ;  today  there  are  twenty-six.    At  the  beginning  oi 


PROGRESS  233 

the  period  covered,  130  were  graduated  from  the  junior 
college,  but  there  were  no  candidates  for  the  degree  of  B. 
Ed. ;  for  the  school  year  just  ended  397  graduated  from 
the  junior  college,  and  degrees  were  conferred  upon  sev- 
enty-one graduates  of  the  four-year  course. 

The  remarkable  advance  in  educational  lines  which 
has  been  made  at  the  Southern  Illinois  Normal  University 
during  this  period  is  shown  in  the  fact  that  while  accred- 
ited only  as  a  "C  Class"  school  eight  years  ago,  it  is  now 
recognized  as  an  "A"  school  by  the  American  Association 
of  Teachers'  Colleges  and  the  University  of  Illinois. 

On  the  purely  material  side  these  eight  years  have 
seen  equally  startling  developments  at  the  Southern  Illi- 
nois Normal  University.  The  total  revenues  for  the  scho- 
lastic period  of  1919-1921  amounted  to  $141,490.  For  the 
present  period,  without  counting  the  appropriation  for 
new  buildings,  the  sum  of  $301,521  has  been  set  aside 
for  the  successful  conduct  of  this  institution  of  learning. 

The  campus  has  been  made  more  attractive  and  con- 
venient by  the  construction  of  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
of  paved  and  curbed  roadway,  illuminated  so  that  the 
drive  is  almost  as  well  lighted  at  night  as  in  the  daytime. 
A  $30,000  addition  to  the  power  plant  has  taken  care  of 
the  heating  required  for  the  new  buildings.  A  conserva- 
tive estimate  would  place  the  increase  in  the  chemical, 
physical  and  biological  laboratories  at  more  than  $30,000, 
while  there  has  been  added  more  than  $20,000  worth  of 
books  to  the  library. 

On  this  material  side,  however,  the  crowning  achieve- 
ment has  been  the  addition  of  the  $175,000  gymnasium, 
and  the  appropriation  made  by  the  last  General  Assembly 
of  $225,000  for  a  new  chemical  and  manual  arts  building, 
now  under  process  of  construction. 

"A  person  who  was  even  indifferent  to  the  success  or 
failure  of  this  institution  would  have  to  admit  that  the 
story  of  development  recorded  in  the  last  eight  years  is 
in  many  ways  really  remarkable,"  says  H.  W.  Shryock, 
president   of   the   Southern    Illinois    Normal   University. 


234 


ILLINOIS 


Mi 

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TO  no 

■ 

. 

GROWTH    OF 

NORMAL 

SCHOOL    ATTENDANCE 

1857  -1SB  5 

M  MAfTIMR 

tmm  CHARLESTON 

MM  DEKALB 

800  STUDENTS  36  WEEKS    ATTENDANCE 

4000 
3000 

aooo 

1000 

mm  CARBONDALE 

warn  NORMAL 

..■iiidltaH 

I860                             1870 

irfBO                             1890                             1900                             1810                              1920 

Chart  showing  how  Illinois  Normal  schools  have  prospered  under 
Governor  Small 


Gymnasium    and    Industrial    Arts    Buildings,    Northern     Illinois 
State  Teachers'  College,  DeKalb 


PROGRESS  235 

"Just  how  much  of  the  credit  should  go  to  Governor  Len 
Small  through  these  inspiring  years,  it  might  be  difficult 
to  say,  but  I  am  sure  the  faculty  and  students  of  this  in- 
stitution are  firmly  convinced  that  such  a  growth  and 
such  a  development  would  have  been  impossible  if  it  had 
not  been  for  his  sympathetic  attitude  toward  education, 
and  especially  toward  this  institution  and  its  friends  in 
southern  Illinois. 

"A  governor  less  friendly  in  his  attitude  toward  us 
could  have  prevented  any  growth  in  this  institution  what- 
ever ;  with  an  indifferent  administration  we  might  have 
struggled  and  toiled  and  only  attained  a  development  so 
slight  as  to  have  been  disheartening. 

"In  our  preparations  for  every  forward  step  as 
planned  by  faculty,  board  and  student  body  we  have 
called  upon  Governor  Small  for  help,  and  we  never  once 
called  in  vain.  In  the  advancement  made  at  the  South- 
ern Illinois  State  Normal  University  he  has  been  our  co- 
worker and  co-enthusiast." 

NORTHERN  ILLINOIS  STATE  TEACHERS' 
COLLEGE 

J.  C.  Brown,  President 

Most  liberally  has  the  Northern  Illinois  State  Teach- 
ers' College  shared  in  the  material  improvements  made  in 
the  educational  institutions  of  Illinois  during  the  last 
eight  years. 

Regarding  the  progress  made,  President  J.  C.  Brown 
says : 

"I  am  sure  that  you  will  be  interested  to  know  that 
the  enrollment  for  the  summer  term  of  1928  shows  an 
increase  of  more  than  twenty  per  cent  over  the  corre- 
sponding term  of  1927.  There  are  numerous  indications 
that  the  institution  is  entering  upon  a  period  of  growth 
and  of  expansion  that  will  enable  it  to  render  larger  and 
better  service  to  the  schools  of  Illinois.    The  college  now 


236  ILLINOIS 

has  the  unqualified  support  of  the  superintendents  and 
principals  of  its  area.  There  is  a  demand  for  the  gradu- 
ates, the  alumni  are  united  in  active  support  of  their  Alma 
Mater,  and  the  spirit  of  the  institution  is  excellent. 

"We  are  looking  to  the  future  with  keen  anticipation 
and  with  confidence. 

"The  last  Legislature  appropriated  $225,000  for  the 
erection  of  a  building  to  house  the  Department  of  Indus- 
trial Arts  and  the  Department  of  Physical  Education  for 
Men.  This  building  is  now  being  erected  just  east  of  the 
Main  Building  and  it  seems  probable  that  it  will  be  avail- 
able for  use  at  the  beginning  of  the  college  year  in  Sep- 
tember. 

"The  Industrial  Arts  wing  will  include  up-to-date 
facilities  for  the  teaching  of  woodworking,  cabinet  mak- 
ing, mechanical  drawing,  metal  work  and  futo  mechanics. 

"The  Physical  Educational  wing  will  provide  facili- 
ties for  physical  education  of  men  and  will  include  a 
large  gymnasium  with  a  seating  capacity  of  approximate- 
ly 1,500,  locker  rooms,  shower  baths,  team  rooms,  offices 
and  a  trophy  room.  Provisions  are  now  being  made  for 
a  swimming  pool.  Whatever  funds  are  available  after  the 
building  has  been  completed  will  be  used  for  the  pur- 
chase of  equipment. 

"The  new  building  is  located  conveniently  near  the 
athletic  field  and  should  be  a  factor  in  attracting  more 
men  students  to  the  institution. 

"The  next  largest  material  improvement  made  dur- 
ing the  eight  years  of  the  administration  of  Governor  Len 
Small,  has  been  the  paving  of  the  Lincoln  Highway  which 
bounds  the  campus  on  the  south.  The  State's  share  of 
this  improvement  was  approximately  $8,600.  Some  of 
the  roads  on  the  campus  have  also  been  widened  and 
paved  during  recent  years,  adding  materially  to  the 
beauty  of  the  grounds. 

"Extensive  repairs  to  the  roof  of  the  Main  building 
have  been  made,  totalling  in  cost  approximately  $8,200. 


PROGRESS  237 

"The  most  significant  material  improvements  in  the 
building  within  the  last  eight  years  are :  new  heating 
system  for  the  training  school,  electric  lights  in  class 
rooms  and  in  auditorium,  auditorium  redecorated,  addi- 
tions to  library  stacks,  industrial  arts  equipment,  lanterns, 
slides  and  maps,  and  laboratory  tables  and  chemical  equip- 
ment." 

EASTERN  ILLINOIS  STATE  TEACHERS' 
COLLEGE 

L.  C.  Lord,  President 

Most  gratifying  has  been  the  progress  made  during 
the  last  eight  years  at  the  Eastern  Illinois  State  Teach- 
ers' College,  located  at  Charleston,  and  of  which  Living- 
ston C.  Lord  is  the  president. 

In  1919-20  the  Eastern  Illinois  State  Normal  School 
was  a  normal  school  of  the  old  type,  the  change  in  name 
being  made  by  the  State  Legislature  in  1921.  With  this 
change  came  also  a  rapid  stride  forward  in  the  growth 
and  progress  of  the  institution. 

As  a  normal  school  the  enrollment  showed  277  stu- 
dents of  college  rank  in  the  regular  school  year,  together 
with  734  students  during  the  six  weeks  summer  term. 
During  the  regular  school  year  of  1927-28  there  was  an 
enrollment  of  620  students  of  college  rank,  with  1,230 
students  registered  in  the  three  six  weeks  terms — the 
mid-spring  term,  the  first  half  summer  term  and  the 
second  half  summer  term.  The  grand  total,  including 
the  Training  School  was  2,088. 

These  figures  show  an  increase  of  124  per  cent  in 
college  students  in  the  regular  school  year  during  the 
eight  years ;  an  increase  of  68  per  cent  in  the  number  of 
summer  term  students,  and  an  increase  of  52  per  cent  in 
the  grand  total,  including  the  Training  School. 

Up  to  and  including  1920  this  institution  was  fitted 
to  offer  but  one  summer  term.  At  present  there  are 
three  for  the  convenience  of  students — the  mid-spring 
term,  the  first  half  summer  term  and  the  second  half  sum- 


238  ILLINOIS 

mer  term,  the  three  being  equivalent  to  eighteen  weeks 
work,  or  half  of  a  regular  school  year. 

"Development  of  the  school  as  an  educational  insti- 
tution during  the  past  eight  years  is  most  gratifying," 
says  President  Livingston  C.  Lord.  "These  eight  years 
have  seen  the  old  normal  school  change  to  the  Eastern 
Illinois  State  Teachers'  College — a  Class  A  teachers'  col- 
lege in  the  American  Association  of  Teachers'  Colleges 
and  accredited  by  the  North  Central  Association  of  Col- 
leges and  Secondary  Schools. 

"The  change  in  name  was  made  by  the  State  Legis- 
lature in  1921.  The  power  to  grant  degrees  was  given 
in  1907,  but  courses  leading  to  degrees  were  not  offered 
in  the  institution  until  within  the  last  eight-year  period, 
starting  in  1920. 

"On  the  physical  side,  a  fine  new  power  house,  mod- 
ern and  well  equipped,  has  replaced  the  old  one  which 
had  been  in  use  for  twenty-six  years.  A  new  building 
in  which  the  Manual  Arts  and  Home  Economics  depart- 
ments will  be  housed  is  nearing  completion  and  will  be 
ready  for  the  school  year  starting  in  September." 

WESTERN  ILLINOIS  STATE  TEACHERS' 
COLLEGE 

Walter  P.  Morgan,  President 

During  the  last  eight-year-period,  enrollment  at  the 
Western  Illinois  State  Teachers'  College  has  approxi- 
mately doubled.  For  the  year  1921  there  was  an  enroll- 
ment of  1,695,  while  for  the  past  year  this  enrollment 
numbered  3,267.  For  the  year  1921  sixty-three  gradu- 
ated from  the  two-year  course  while  five  completed  the 
four-year  course,  or  a  total  of  sixty-eight.  During  1928, 
141  students  graduated  from  the  two-year  course,  with 
sixty-nine  completing  the  four-year  curriculum,  a  total 
of  210  for  the  year. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  1921-1928  period  the  West- 
ern Illinois  State  Teachers'  College,  located  at  Macomb, 


PROGRESS  239 

consisted  of  four  buildings,  including  the  main  admini- 
stration building,  the  women's  dormitory,  the  new  arts 
building  and  the  old  heating  plant. 

Prior  to  June  3,  1921  this  institution  was  known  as 
the  Western  Illinois  State  Normal  School,  but  under 
House  Bill  No.  330,  which  passed  as  an  emergency  and 
which  received  the  immediate  signature  of  Governor  Len 
Small,  the  name  was  changed  to  The  Western  Illinois 
State  Teachers'  College.  "This  act  of  the  Fifty-Second 
General  Assembly  breathed  new  life  into  the  institution," 
says  President  Walter  P.  Morgan,  "and  a  new  era  was 
begun  for  the  institution  at  Macomb. 

"As  evidence  of  progress  of  the  institution,  it  was 
first  accredited  by  the  North  Central  Association  of  Sec- 
ondary Schools  and  Colleges,  and  in  March,  1928,  fully 
accredited,  not  only  as  a  teachers'  training  institution,  but 
with  the  same  rights  for  its  graduates  which  accrue  to 
the  graduates  of  any  four-year  liberal  arts  college.  In 
this  it  is  one  of  eight  institutions  in  the  United  States  to 
which  this  honor  is  accorded. 

"In  February,  1928,  this  institution  was  passed  on 
by  inspectors  of  the  American  Association  of  Teachers 
Colleges  and  was  given  an  "A"  classification  and  placed  in 
Group  1,  an  honor  which  is  accorded  to  but  twenty  col- 
leges in  the  United  States.  This  is  a  high  recognition  in 
view  of  the  fact  that  there  are  some  two  hundred  teach- 
ers' training  institutions  in  the  United  States,  of  which 
one  hundred  and  forty-five  are  members  of  the  Ameri- 
can Association  of  Teachers'  Colleges." 

During  1923  an  appropriation  of  $135,000  was  made 
to  cover  the  cost  of  a  new  lighting  system  for  the  grounds 
and  a  new  heating  and  lighting  plant.  This  was  the  first 
effort  to  increase  the  physical  plant  since  the  completion 
of  the  New  Arts  building  in  1917.  Then  followed  a  re- 
modeling of  the  old  heating  plant,  paving  of  one  of  the 
streets  adjoining  the  campus  and  erection  of  the  gym- 
nasium at  a  cost  of  approximately  $1.70,000.  The  new 
gymnasium  was  dedicated  on  May  21,  1928. 


240  ILLINOIS 

At  present  plans  are  under  way  for  a  remodeling  of 
the  old  gymnasium  into  library  rooms,  while  the  last  ses- 
sion of  the  General  Assembly  appropriated  $41,000  for 
the  purchase  of  ten  additional  acres  for  the  campus. 

The  interest  of  the  State  in  the  Western  Illinois 
State  Teachers'  College  has  been  reflected  in  the  inter- 
est which  the  student  body  has  taken  in  the  physical 
plant.  This  is  most  strikingly  illustrated  by  the  Kappa 
Delta  Pi  fraternity  which  contributed  some  $1,500  to 
build  a  memorial  gate  at  the  main  entrance  of  the  grounds. 
The  campus  is  the  pride  of  every  student  and  every 
organization  in  the  student  body. 

ILLINOIS  STATE  NORMAL  UNIVERSITY 

David  Felmley,  President 

President  David  Felmley  of  the  Illinois  State  Normal 
University,  located  at  Normal,  points  with  pride  to  the 
advance  which  has  been  made  by  this  institution  during 
the  past  eight  years.  Without  .exception  that  progress 
is  the  greatest  in  the  history  of  the  institution. 

The  number  of  students  enrolled  for  the  regular 
school  year  numbered  529  at  the  beginning  of  the  eight 
year  period.  At  present  this  enrollment  is  1,557,  an  in- 
crease of  296  per  cent. 

Authority  to  confer  degrees  was  given  to  the  Illinois 
State  Normal  University  in  1907,  but  only  119  degrees 
were  conferred  in  the  following  thirteen  years.  In  the 
past  eight  years  499  have  received  degrees  from  the  in- 
stitution. In  1920  but  thirteen  were  graduated  with  de- 
grees from  the  full  four-year  course,  and  ninety  with 
junior  college  or  normal  school  diplomas.  In  1928  a 
total  of  108  completed  the  four-year  course  and  received 
degrees,  while  402  were  presented  diplomas.  For  the 
past  year  the  enrollment  at  the  Illinois  State  Normal 
University  numbered  6,558. 

The  growth  in  attendance  is  attributed  to  three 
causes  by  President  David  Felmley. 


PROGRESS  241 

(1)  The  growing  conviction  among  school  boards 
that  professional  training  results  in  notably  better  teach- 
ing; 

(2)  The  raising  of  standards  by  the  State  Examin- 
ing Board.  A  mere  high  school  graduate  now  finds  it 
difficult  to  obtain  a  teacher's  certificate; 

(3)  The  increase  in  the  state  distributable  school 
fund  and  the  improved  method  of  distribution  recom- 
mended by  the  Educational  Commission  under  Governor 
Len  Small,  which  has  made  it  possible  for  weak  districts 
to  employ  a  trained  teacher  and  has  rewarded  districts 
which  employ  such  teachers. 

"The  most  significant  expansion  of  the  past  eight 
years  has  been  in  preparing  teachers  for  country  schools 
and  teachers  of  commercial  branches  and  of  physical 
education  for  high  schools,"  says  President  David  Felm- 
ley.  "Our  regular  faculty  in  1920  numbered  74.  We 
now  have  104,  including  the  teachers  of  the  four  rural 
schools  that  are  affiliated  with  us  as  training  schools  and 
the  teachers  of  the  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home,  whose 
school  also. is  included  in  our  training  department." 

Physical  improvements  at  the  Illinois  State  Normal 
University  completed  during  the  last  eight-year  period 
include  the  erection  of  a  commodious  gymnasium  at  an 
approximate  cost  of  $170,000,  extension  and  pavement 
of  drives,  laying  out  of  many  new  concrete  walks  and 
installation  of  a  campus  lighting  system.  At  present  work 
is  underway  on  a  new  science  building  which  will  be 
constructed  at  an  approximate  cost  of  $225,000. 

STATE  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEY 
DIVISION 

S.  A.  Forbes,  Chief 

It  is  the  function  of  the  State  Natural  History  Sur- 
vey Division,  as  prescribed  by  the  Civil  Administrative 
Code  and  the  Board  of  Natural  Resources  and  Conserva- 
tion, to  study  and  report  upon  the  entire  field  of  zoology 


242  ILLINOIS 

and  botany  in  the  State,  preference  being  given  to  sub- 
jects of  educational  and  economic  importance. 

"Under  this  program,"  says  Stephen  A.  Forbes,  chief 
of  the  Division,  "recent  substantial  progress  has  been 
made.  Following  is  a  summary  of  the  work  accom- 
plished : 

The  State  Natural  History  Survey  Division  has 
prosecuted  and  completed  a  forest  survey  of  the  State, 
only  barely  begun  in  the  latter  half  of  1919,  and  is  now 
carrying  on,  in  cooperation  with  the  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station,  a  program  of  extension  and  general  educa- 
tional work  in  forestry. 

It  has  established,  organized,  and  developed  a  plant 
disease  survey,  begun  in  1921,  the  principal  object  of 
which  is  to  study  the  causes  of  epidemic  outbreaks  of 
fungous  diseases  of  the  crop  plants,  which  cost  the  agri- 
culture and  horticulture  of  the  State  many  millions  of  dol- 
lars each  year ;  and  to  use  the  knowledge  thus  acquired 
to  forecast  impending  outbreaks  and  avoid  their  conse- 
quences. 

It  has  finished  a  survey  of  the  plant  and  animal  life 
of  the  Illinois  river,  carried  on  for  many  years  with  spe- 
cial reference  to  the  precise  effects  of  pollution  upon  the 
products  of  the  stream  and  its  connected  lakes  and  tribu- 
taries ;  and  it  has  made  a  similar  comprehensive  survey  of 
the  plant  and  animal  life  of  the  Rock  river  system  in  Illi- 
nois, covering  the  whole  subject  from  its  microscopic 
forms  to  its  fishes. 

It  has  continued  to  expand  its  work  in  the  several 
divisions  of  economic  entomology,  especially  by  thorough- 
going researches  into  both  fundamental  problems  and 
practical  methods  for  the  prevention  and  control  of  insect 
injuries,  with  the  more  important  results  of  which  it  has 
made  the  people  of  the  State  generally  acquainted  by 
wide-spread  publicity  and  extension  work. 

It  has  published  during  the  last  eight  years  its  con- 
tributions to  knowledge  on  the  biology  of  the  State  in  39 
bulletins,  containing  1,937  pages,  illustrated  by  247  text 


PROGRESS  243 

figures,  127  plates,  and  139  maps,  and  has  distributed  its 
publications  freely  to  the  people  of  the  State  and  to 
libraries,  educational  institutions,  and  investigating  spe- 
cialists throughout  the  country,  and  has  offered  them  for 
exchange  to  similar  institutions  throughout  the  world. 

It  has  published  and  distributed  widely  many  circu- 
lars of  information  and  articles  for  the  press,  especially 
on  entomology,  forestry,  and  fishery  subjects  of  unusual 
importance,  and  it  has  begun  the  preparation  of  purely 
educational  bulletins  and  handbooks  in  its  field  and  has 
now  in  press  one  on  the  trees  of  Illinois,  a  product  of  the 
work  of  its  foresters  and  botanists,  assisted  by  the  botan- 
ical department  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  and  has  be- 
gun the  preparation  of  a  handbook  of  the  flowering  plants 
of  the  State,  amply  illustrated  by  figures  of  every  species. 

The  three  scientific  surveys  have  maintained  during 
the  past  year  a  joint  publicity  agency  to  the  cost  of  which 
each  has  contributed  its  proportion ;  but  the  Natural  His- 
tory Survey  has  now  provided  for  a  full-time  publicity 
and  educational  service  for  the  coming  year,  a  principal 
object  of  which  is  the  preparation  of  leaflets  and  booklets 
restating  the  products  of  its  operations  in  terms  and  forms 
to  make  them  available  for  educational  use  in  the  high 
schools  and  colleges  of  the  State. 

These  enlargements  of  the  field  of  the  survey  and 
developments  of  its  activities  have  been  made  possible  by 
an  increase  of  its  appropriations  during  the  last  eight 
years  from  a  total  of  $70,495  for  the  biennium  ending 
June  30,  1919,  to  $133,589  for  the  current  biennium. 

STATE   MUSEUM   DIVISION 

A.  R.  Crook,  Chief 

"In  reviewing  the  work  of  the  State  Museum  during 
the  eight  years  of  the  administration  of  Governor  Len 
Small,  one  must  be  impressed  with  the  progress  which 
this  institution  has  made,"  says  A.  R.  Crook,  Ph.  D.,  chief 
of  the  Division. 


244  ILLINOIS 

"At  the  beginning  of  the  present  administration  this 
Museum  was  housed  in  the  State  Arsenal  where  exhibits 
were  crowded  in  three  unattractive  rooms  and  the  gallery 
of  the  auditorium.  The  quarters  were  unsightly,  inade- 
quate and  unsafe. 

"Contrasting  to  this,  the  Museum  is  now  housed  in 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  buildings  in  the  State,  occupy- 
ing all  of  the  fifth,  the  sixth,  mezzanine  floor  and  two 
rooms  in  the  basement  of  the  Centennial  Building,  a  total 
of  about  40,000  square  feet  of  floor  space.  It  is  supplied 
with  attractive  cases  and  furnishings.  The  exhibits  have 
about  doubled. 

"Thus,  within  the  administration  of  Governor  Len 
Small,  the  Illinois  State  Museum  has  changed  from  a 
poorly  housed  exhibit  to  one  of  the  best  housed  museums 
in  the  United  States. 

"During  the  year  covered  by  my  first  report  under 
the  present  administration,  July  1921-1922,  the  Museum 
extended  its  influence  by  participation  in  the  Chicago 
"Pageant  of  Progress"  where  we  put  up  a  series  of  ex- 
hibits to  illustrate  progress  in  museum  methods,  in  taxi- 
dermy, in  human  anatomy  since  early  geological  times,  in 
lighting,  etc. 

Several  important  additions  were  made  to  the  per- 
manent collections,  such  as  the  Savillah  Wyatt  Latham 
collection  of  baskets ;  a  collection  of  baskets  from  the 
United  States  National  Museum ;  a  collection  of  minerals 
from  Tennessee — marble,  phosphate  rock,  and  copper 
ores  and  a  collection  of  materials  from  the  Cahokia 
mounds,  in  whose  excavation  the  Museum  had  a  part. 

"The  following  year,  July  1922-23,  was  devoted 
largely  to  preparation  for  moving.  Many  thousands  of 
minerals,  rocks  and  fossils  were  washed,  carefully 
wrapped  and  packed  for  moving.  Two  thousand  birds 
were  renovated,  placed  on  uniform  mountings  and  packed. 
Altogether  in  the  neighborhood  of  two  hundred  thousand 
objects  were  to  be  moved — some  of  them  of  great  weight, 
others  of  great  delicacy  and  requiring  most  careful  hand- 
ling. 


PROGRESS  245 

"Actual  moving  was  begun  on  June  25,  1923,  and 
was  pushed  rapidly  forward  in  as  economical  manner  as 
possible  in  spite  of  unfavorable  conditions  such  as  lack  of 
elevator  service,  absence  of  telephones,  absence  of  locks 
on  doors  and  guards  to  protect  the  materials  which  were 
being  moved. 

"In  August,  1923,  an  exhibit  at  the  Chicago  'Pageant 
of  Progress'  was  again  made.  That  year  chief  attention 
was  given  to  anthropology.  During  that  year  also,  Con- 
gressman Richard  Yates  secured  for  the  Museum,  a  Fok- 
ker  air  plane  and  Congressman  L.  E.  Wheeler  secured  a 
Curtis  two-seated  observation  plane  used  in  instructing 
aviators  during  the  war. 

"During  the  remainder  of  the  year  (1923-24)  cov- 
ered by  the  seventh  annual  report,  moving  was  continued 
and  the  work  of  installation  was  carried  on  as  rapidly  as 
possible.  After  the  last  of  the  six  groups  of  mammals, 
once  abundant  in  the  State  of  Illinois  but  now  extinct, 
had  been  installed  in  the  basement,  work  on  the  Payne 
group  of  wild  flowers,  native  in  Sangamon  County,  rep- 
resenting "Illinois  in  May"  was  carried  on. 

"During  the  year,  July  1924-25,  (eighth  annual  re- 
port) the  Chief  secured  additional  mineral  collections  in 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  such  as  cave  materials  from 
the  Carlsbad  region,  fossil  stumps  from  the  petrified  for- 
est of  Arizona  and  a  series  of  rocks  from  the  Grand 
Canyon  to  illustrate  world  history.  Nearly  thirteen  hun- 
dred ornithological  specimens  were  added.  An  expert 
conchologist  was  secured  to  work  with  the  shell  collec- 
tions. 

"Additional  work  was  taken  on  at  the  State  Fair 
Grounds  where  ten  thousand  square  feet  of  space  was 
made  available  for  showing  household  and  farm  imple- 
ments used  by  early  white  settlers  in  Illinois  and  many 
other  objects  for  which  there  is  no  room  in  the  Centen- 
nial Building. 

"The  Museum  staff  worked  diligently  at  the  prepar- 
ing and  labeling  of  these  objects.     This  is  a  fortunate 


246 


ILLINOIS 


arrangement  since  it  permits  the  Museum  to  accept  many 
valuable  gifts  for  which  otherwise  no  space  could  be 
found. 


Mushroom  exhibit,   Illinois  State  Museum 


Main  hall,  Illinois  State  Museum 


PROGRESS 


247 


A  case  of  Illinois  ducks,   Illinois  State  Museum 


Mountain  lion  group,   Illinois  State  Museum 


248 


ILLINOIS 


Buffalo  group,   Illinois   State   Museum 


Moose  group,  Illinois  State  Museum 


PROGRESS 


249 


"The  Illinois  State  Academy  of  Science  held  a  most 
successful  meeting  at  the  Museum.  As  a  member  of  the 
National  Association  of  Museums,  the  Chief  had  the 
opportunity  of  serving  on  a  committee  whose  function  it 
was  to  further  the  establishment  of  museums  in  National 
parks.  The  sum  of  eighty  thousand  dollars  was  secured 
and  with  that  sum  a  building  was  erected  in  Yosemite 
Valley,  exhibits  installed  and  service  begun,  all  within 
less  than  one  year's  time. 

"During  the  year,  July  1925-1926,  in  addition  to  the 
routine  work,  attention  was  given  to  the  installation  and 
labeling  of  the  thousands  of  minerals  which  show  the  uses 
that  Illinoisans  make  of  the  mineral  resources,  not  only 
of  the  United  States,  but  of  the  world. 

"Further  attention  was  given  to  the  arrangement, 
classification  and  labeling  of  the  forestry  exhibit. 

During  January  of  1926,  the  Chief  had  the  good  for- 
tune to  excavate  the  best  example  of  the  elephant  family 
ever  secured  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  the  Golconda  North- 
ern Hairy  Mammoth.  The  Frank  R.  Grover  collection 
of  guns,  pistols  and  swords  was  worked  over,  catalogued, 
labeled  and  put  on  exhibition  at  the  State  Fair  Grounds. 

"In  the  year,  July  1926-1927  (tenth  annual  report) 
much  progress  was  made  in  the  labeling  of  the  general 
collections  which  now  renders  it  possible  for  visitors  to 
see  about  ten  thousand  different  objects.  At  the  Fair 
Grounds,  a  collection  was  begun  to  show  the  evolution  of 
dress  in  the  State  of  Illinois  since  1818.  This  collection 
has  a  dress  made  in  the  style  of  1818  and  contains  the 
gowns  worn  by  several  of  the  former  governors'  wives 
at  the  inauguration  of  their  husbands  or  on  other  festive 
occasions.  Among  the  list  are  dresses  worn  by  the  wives 
of  Governor  Richard  Yates,  the  elder,  Governor  John  R. 
Tanner,  Governor  Richard  Yates,  Jr.,  Governor  Edward 
F.  Dunne,  Governor  Frank  O.  Lowden.  Others  have 
been  promised.  The  dress  worn  by  Mrs.  Lincoln  at  the 
inauguration  of  Abraham  Lincoln  as  president  also  is 
shown. 


250 


ILLINOIS 


"In  November,  1926,  a  positive  forward  step  was 
taken  when  the  first  annual  exhibit  of  works  of  art  of 
Illinois  artists  was  opened  in  the  Museum  and  continued 
until  January,  1927. 

"During  the  year,  July  1927-1928  (eleventh  annual 
report)  a  second  annual  art  exhibit  was  held.  Many 
thousands  of  people  greatly  enjoyed  the  three  hundred 
beautiful  paintings  and  statuary  which  comprised  the 
finest  and  most  extensive  collection  of  art  objects  ever 
brought  to  the  State  Capitol.  As  a  result  of  this  move- 
ment, people  of  artistic  taste  and  of  means  have  made 
contributions  to  the  Illinois  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  en- 
abling that  organization  to  make  gifts  of  paintings  and 
statuary  to  the  Museum.  Twelve  pictures  and  statues 
have  been  received  this  June. 

"Artists,  lovers  of  art  and  the  people  generally  are 
greatly  indebted  to  the  Governor  during  whose  adminis- 
tration this  forward  step  was  taken. 

"The  inauguration  of  a  permanent  gallery  of  art  for 
Illinois  artists  means  a  forward  step  in  the  culture  of 
the  State." 

STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  DIVISION 

M.  M.  Leighton,  Chief 

From  January  1,  1921  to  January  1,  1928,  Illinois 
has  produced  approximately  $1,711,093,951  worth  of 
minerals,  an  average  of  $243,013,421  per  year.  In  this 
the  State  bears  the  distinction  of  surpassing  forty-one 
other  states  in  the  Union  in  mineral  production. 

It  is  generally  recognized  that  civilization  cannot 
rise  on  food  production  alone,  but  it  must  have  those 
mineral  substances  which  enter  into  power  distribution, 
manufacturing  of  a  great  complex  of  commodities,  rapid 
transportation,  and  health-giving  recreational  facilities. 
So  long  as  Illinois  produces  more  than  its  quota  of  these 
things,  it  will  continue  to  maintain  its  place  of  State  lead- 
ership in  the  Nation. 


PROGRESS  251 

During  the  administration  of  Governor  Len  Small, 
beginning  January  1,  1921,  attention  has  been  in  no  small 
way  directed  to  investigations  of  the  natural  resources 
of  the  State.  For  the  eight-year  period  the  General 
Assembly  has  appropriated  for  geological  investigations 
the  sum  of  $542,535.  During  the  same  period  there  has 
been  appropriated  $370,000  for  the  making  of  topographic 
surveys. 

For  the  purpose  of  providing  information  essential 
to  an  intelligent  and  adequate  development  of  its  mineral 
resources,  the  State  Geological  Survey  Division  has  main- 
tained, with  the  above  appropriations,  a  well-rounded  pro- 
gram of  scientific  studies.  The  following  statements 
summarize  the  accomplishments  of  this  Division  in  its 
assigned  Technical  work : 

Coal:  (1)  Publication  of  a  bulletin  giving  authori- 
tative information  on  the  coal  resources  of  western  Illi- 
nois;  (2)  publication  of  over  1,000  analyses  of  coal  beds 
from  all  of  the  producing  districts  of  the  State;  (3)  two 
bulletins  on  areas  underlain  by  strippable  coal;  (4)  in- 
formation for  mining  engineers  and  operators  on  the 
structure  of  the  coal  beds  of  northeastern  Williamson 
and  western  Saline  counties,  and  near  Duquoin;  (5)  a 
bulletin  giving  the  percentage  of  coal  resources  left  in  the 
ground  by  present  methods  of  mining  in  the  different 
mining  districts  of  the  State. 

Oil  and  Gas:  (6-23)  Seventeen  bulletins  and 
pamphlets  on  the  oil  and  gas  possibilities  in  east-central 
Illinois,  the  Allendale  field,  eastern  Clark  County,  Cen- 
tralia  area,  Sorento  dome,  Ayers  anticline,  Sparta  area, 
Ava-Campbell  Hill  area,  central  Pike  County,  Adams 
County,  Alexis  area,  Galesburg  area,  and  Media  anti- 
cline, and  the  Mississippi  Valley  area;  (24)  a  pamphlet 
giving  a  testing  plan  for  determining  oil  structures;  (25) 
a  paper  on  the  significance  of  carbon  ratios  of  coal  beds 
with  respect  to  oil  and  gas  resources;  (26)  a  pamphlet 
on  prospecting  in  pre-Pennsylvanian  formations;  and 
(27)  a  pamphlet  on  corrosion  in  eastern  Illinois  oil  fields. 


%52  ILLINOIS 


Fire-clays :  (28)  A  bulletin  of  149  pages  embracing 
both  the  Coal  Measures  clays  and  the  clays  of  the  area 
south  of  the  coal  field. 

Limestone:  (29)  A  bulletin  of  392  pages  dealing 
with  all  of  the  State's  limestone  resources  with  results  of 
tests  for  road-building  and  other  purposes,  and  (30)  a 
pamphlet  on  limestone  for  sewage  filter  beds. 

Glass  sand,  steel  molding  sand,  etc.:  (31)  A  bulle- 
tin of  175  pages  on  the  economic  resources  of  the  St. 
Peter  sandstone  formation,  and  (32)  a  bulletin  of  183 
pages  on  the  molding  and  resources  of  Illinois. 

Fuller's  earth:  (33)  A  pamphlet  on  the  fuller's 
earth  deposits  of  southern  Illinois,  including  a  description 
of  three  newly  found  deposits. 

Ground  water  resources:  (34)  A  bulletin  of  44 
pages  on  the  stratigraphy  and  structure  of  northern  Illi- 
nois with  special  reference  to  ground  water  supplies. 

Land  Drainage:  (35)  A  bulletin  of  322  pages  with 
a  large  map,  providing  information  regarding  the  status 
of  drainage  reclamation  in  the  State,  engineering  prob- 
lems of  land  drainage,  and  the  organization  of  drainage 
districts. 

Detailed  areal  investigations  of  all  mineral  re- 
sources: (36-49)  Publication  of  bulletins  covering  ap- 
proximately 2,750  square  miles  and  including  the  Avon, 
Canton,  Carbondale,  Dixon,  Edgington,  Equality,  Good 
Hope,  Joliet,  Kings,  La  Harpe,  Milan,  and  Shawneetown 
areas.  Field  work  has  been  completed  or  is  in  progress 
for  approximately  5,000  square  miles  more,  and  bulletins 
will  be  issued  in  the  near  future. 

Fundamental  work  in  stratigraphy  and  paleontol- 
ogy: The  determination  of  key  beds  which  are  the 
basis  for  detecting  and  outlining  oil  and  gas  structures, 
and  the  correlation  of  formations  in  various  parts  of  the 
State  which  is  fundamental  to  estimating  the  State's 
mineral  resources  and  developing  its  water  supplies,  have 
been  emphasized  and  promoted  by  State-wide  studies  in 
the  stratigraphy  and  paleontology  of  the   (50)   Silurian, 


PROGRESS  253 

(51)  Mississippian,  (52)  Pennsylvanian,  and  (53)  Pleis- 
tocene systems. 

(54)  The  base  map  of  Illinois  and  (55)  the  direc- 
tory and  map  of  the  mineral  industries  of  the  State  have 
been  revised  and  published. 

(56)  A  new  educational  series  of  pamphlets  for  the 
public  schools  and  educated  laymen  on  the  geology  of  the 
State,  (57)  a  press  bulletin  on  oil  and  gas,  known  as  "Illi- 
nois Petroleum",  for  the  oil  and  gas  industry,  and  (58) 
a  new  technical  series  known  as  Reports  of  Investiga- 
tions, for  presenting  advance  summaries  of  findings,  have 
been  initiated.  During  the  period  under  consideration  the 
State  Geological  Survey  has  printed  a  total  of  4,518  pages 
of  technical  information,  on  the  subjects  mentioned  in  the 
foregoing  paragraphs. 

(59)  The  preparation  of  basic  topographic  maps  of 
the  State,  in  cooperation  with  the  U.  S.  Geological  Sur- 
vey, has  gone  forward  with  the  achievement  of  14,077 
square  miles  of  sketching,  5,383  miles  of  primary  level- 
ing, establishment  of  1,431  elevation  bench  marks,  and 
4,489  miles  of  primary  traverse.  This  is  the  equivalent 
of  all  that  had  been  done  during  the  previous  16  years 
of  existence  of  the  Geological  Survey.  This  mapping 
has  been  used  by  the  State  Highway  Division  in  securing 
shorter  locations  and  better  grades  in  the  rougher  areas 
of  the  State,  necessitating  shallower  cuts,  smaller  fills, 
and  fewer  bridges.  In  addition  the  maps  have  aided 
municipalities  in  planning  sewage  disposal,  water  and  gas 
distribution,  city  planning,  and  other  engineering  projects 
fundamental  to  the  comfort  and  welfare  of  their  citizens, 
and  have  promoted  the  development  of  the  State's  re- 
sources of  minerals,  poorly  drained  lands,  and  public 
parks. 


^^  ILLINOIS 

BOARD  FOR  VOCATIONAL  EDUCATION 
DIVISION  OF  REHABILITATION 

A.  M.  S helton,  Chairman 

The  Act  in  relation  to  Vocational  Rehabilitation  of 
injured  persons  was  approved  by  Governor  Small  on 
June  28,  1921.  This  Act  provided  for  the  acceptance 
of  the  provisions  of  the  Federal  law  for  civilian  Voca- 
tional Rehabilitation,  and  designated  the  Board  for  Voca- 
tional Education  as  the  administrative  agency. 

The  purpose  of  the  law  is  to  rehabilitate  persons 
disabled  through  industrial  or  public  accidents,  disease  or 
congenital  causes ;  that  is  to  say,  persons  who  have  suf- 
fered injuries  that  disqualify  them  for  employment  are 
subject  to  the  benefits  of  the  law.  Such  persons  are  made 
fit  to  engage  in  suitable  work  either  through  an  adequate 
training  program  or  otherwise. 

In  the  beginning  there  was  no  one  available  who  was 
familiar  with  this  kind  of  work,  consequently  the  first 
two  years  were  spent  largely  in  experimentation,  research 
and  training  of  personnel,  but  from  that  time  on  the 
work  has  progressed  at  a  satisfactory  rate. 

The  following  table  will  give  some  idea  of  its 
growth.  It  is  expected  that  the  Division  will  show  a 
greater  number  of  rehabilitated  cases  this  year  than  for 
any  preceding  year. 

Funds  Persons        Per  capita 

Year-  expended,      rehabilitated.       cost. 

1922 $  21,679.48        7      $3,097.07 

1923 137,756.16      133       1,035.76 

1924 121,476.97      319        380  80 

1925* 96,370.95  185  520  92 

1926 143,178.89  472  303.31 

1927 144,678.27  417  346.95 

*  In  1925  Federal  allotment  did  not  become  available  until 
in  December  and  the  Division  could  not  operate  on  State 
funds  until  the  Federal  money  was  received,  hence  about  one- 
half  of  the  year  was  unproductive. 


PROGRESS  255 

Since  this  is  an  economic  measure  and  not  an  act 
of  charity,  its  success  or  failure  must  be  judged  by  the 
ability  of  the  State  to  restore  the  handicapped  person  to 
nearly  the  normal  earning  capacity  he  would  have  en- 
joyed had  he  not  suffered  the  disability.  While  not  all 
persons  aided  are  actually  subsisting  on  charity  at  time 
of  contact,  a  large  number  of  them  are,  and  certainly  all 
of  them  are  potentially  charity  cases  and  would  probably 
become  charges  upon  public  or  private  philanthropy. 

The  best  available  figures  indicate  that  it  costs  a 
minimum  of  approximately  $300  per  annum  to  support 
an  individual  in  an  institution.  The  average  age  of  the 
cases  under  this  Division  is  33  years.  It  would  seem 
to  be  conservative  to  estimate  that  they  would  have  a  life 
expectancy  of  20  years.  Therefore,  assuming  that  it 
costs  $300  per  year  to  maintain  an  individual  and  that 
he  lives  20  years,  he  is  a  $6,000  liability  to  society. 

During  1926,  a  total  of  472  persons  were  rehabili- 
tated and  placed  in  remunerative  occupations  at  a  total 
cost  of  $143,178.89  or  a  per  capita  cost  of  $303.31  which 
includes  the  entire  expense  of  the  Department  for  the 
year,  spread  over  the  rehabilitated  cases  only. 

The  average  actual  expense  for  each  rehabilitant  was 
$248. 83,  which  does  not  include  administrative  expense 
of  the  Department. 

A  study  of  the  results  obtained  is  illuminating  and 
Droves  beyond  any  question  the  great  economic  value 
}f  the  work. 

The  472  persons  had  an  average  annual  earning  of 
$1,004.76  before  injury,  which  dropped  to  $310.20  after 
.njury,  and  at  the  time  of  survey,  but  was  increased  to 
£1,341.36  after  rehabilitation  service  was  rendered.  These 
ndividuals  have  an  earning  capacity  of  $336.60  more 
ifter  receiving  rehabilitation  service  than  they  had  before 
njury  and  $1,031.16  more  than  they  had  while  in  the 
landicapped  condition. 

Of  the  472  cases,  402  had  previous  employment  ex- 
perience and  the  annual  average  earnings  of  these  402 


256  ILLINOIS 

persons  was  $1,179.72  before  injury  but  had  been  reducec 
to  $345.48  as  the  result  of  their  handicaps,  while  aftei 
rehabilitation  was  rendered,  their  earnings  increased  tc 
$1,374.84  per  annum. 

These  individuals  were  not  only  restored  to  theii 
original  earning  status,  but  they  now  enjoy  an  earning 
capacity  of  $195.12  more  per  annum  than  they  had  before 
suffering  their  disabilities,  and  $1,029.36  more  than  while 
in  the  handicapped  condition. 

These  results  are  only  for  one  year.  Again  assum- 
ing that  the  individual  lives  for  20  years  and  maintains 
his  earning  power,  we  find  the  net  total  gain  in  earn- 
ing capacity  to  be  20  x  1029.36  or  $20,587.20  each.  Add 
to  this  the  $6,000  that  he  would  otherwise  cost  society 
and  we  arrive  at  the  net  return  on  the  $303.31  expended 
by  the  State  for  rehabilitation. 

DIVISION  OF  REGISTRATION 

V.  D.  Michels,  Superintendent 

The  administration  of  laws  pertaining  to  the  licens- 
ing of  trades  and  professions  in  Illinois  is  vested  in  the 
Division  of  Registration.  Licenses  are  issued  by  this 
Division,  and  enforcement  of  laws  is  one  of  its  major 
functions. 

Licenses  and  renewals  to  the  number  of  125,000  an- 
nually are  issued  by  the  Division.  A  small  fee  is  charged 
for  each.  The  size  of  the  fee  is  only  nominal,  but  in  the 
aggregate  the  amount  taken  in  is  enough  to  pay  all  ex- 
penses of  operation  of  the  Department  and  to  leave  a 
surplus  to  be  turned  into  the  State  treasury.  At  the  end 
of  the  fiscal  year  concluding  June  30,  1928,  $150,000  in 
excess  of  operating  costs  for  the  year  was  so  turned  in. 

The  progress  of  the  Department  is  visualized  by 
comparing  this  with  the  fact  that  in  1920  only  $38,000 
was  earned  by  the  Department.  Under  Governor  Small's 
administration  the  Department  was  self-sustaining,  and 
annually  was  made  to  show  an  increasing  profit  to  the 
State. 


PROGRESS  257 

Governor  Small  should  be  given  credit  for  approv- 
ing several  legislative  amendments  to  the  license  laws. 
Additions  to  the  Barber,  Architecture,  Chiropody,  Em- 
balming, Optometry  and  Pharmacy  Laws  have  proved 
of  great  benefit  both  to  the  professions  affected  and  to 
the  public.  The  advancing  of  standards  operates  profit- 
ably in  two  directions. 

Three  new  laws  have  been  placed  on  the  statute 
books,  two  of  which  have  proved  highly  successful 
dirough  actual  operation.  The  third  is  in  process  of  re- 
lease for  operation.    They  are  as  follows : 

The  Beauty  Culture  Act,  providing  an  opportunity 
for  many  women  to  earn  an  honest  livelihood  in  an  intel- 
ligent manner. 

The  Real  Estate  Act,  which  has  safeguarded  the 
public  from  curbstone  brokers  and  wildcat  colonization 
schemes  and  effected  the  return  of  thousands  of  dollars  to 
the  defrauded  public  through  hearings  conducted  by  the 
Department.  The  established  ethics  in  relation  thereto 
makes  Real  Estate  a  safe  investment,  interesting  prop- 
erty holders  in  civic  movements. 

The  Public  Accountancy  Act,  now  in  the  process 
of  release  for  complete  operation.  It  is  hoped  by  this 
law  to  greatly  benefit  economic  conditions. 

The  professions  represented  by  this  Department 
form  distinct  groups,  who  under  police  power,  directed 
by  their  ideals,  perform  service  and  protection  to  the 
public. 

WATER  SURVEY  DIVISION 
A.  M.  Bus  well,  Chief 

In  looking  back  over  the  last  eight  years  we  note 
gratifying  progress  in  the  work  of  the  State  Water  Sur- 
rey. 

The  survey  of  the  ground  water  resources  of  the 
State  has  been  brought  up  to  date  and  the  data  pub- 
ished  in  a  volume  of  seven  hundred  and  ten  pages. 
To  describe  this  volume  adequately  would  require  too 
echnical  a  discussion  for  the  present  purpose.  Its  value 
nay  perhaps  be  gauged  from  the  fact  that  it  has  been 


258  ILLINOIS 

conservatively  estimated  that  it  would  cost  a  quarter  of 
a  million  dollars  to  duplicate  the  work  reported  in  this 
bulletin  at  ordinary  commercial   rates. 

The  study  of  surface  water  resources,  especially 
such  sources  as  would  be  available  for  small  town  sup- 
plies, had  been  entirely  neglected  until  their  investigation 
was  taken  up  three  years  ago  by  the  State  Water  Survey. 

Increasing  demands  for  soft,  palatable,  as  well  as 
safe,  public  water  supplies  has  necessitated  a  complete 
reinvestigation  of  the  chemistry  of  water  treatment.  This 
work  was  undertaken  in  1921  and  the  results  published 
in  1926  in  a  bulletin  of  135  pages. 

Probably  the  most  important  progressive  step  taken 
in  the  last  eight  years  has  been  the  establishment  of  an 
experimental  plant  for  the  study  of  water  and  waste  treat- 
ment problems.  Experiments  had  been  carried  on  in  this 
field  since  1914  but  it  was  not  until  1923  that  definite 
and  adequate  provision  was  made  for  this  line  of  work. 
Through  a  cooperative  agreement  with  the  University,  a 
building  was  constructed  by  the  State  Water  Survey  on 
the  University  grounds  and  equipment  installed  which 
makes  it  possible  to  carry  on  experiments  on  a  sufficiently 
large  scale  to  furnish  results  capable  of  practical  appli- 
cation. The  work  of  this  experimental  plant  has  re- 
ceived wide  recognition.  In  fact  it  was  recently  men- 
tioned as  a  model  before  the  British  Institute  by  Mr. 
Arthur  J.  Martin  in  a  paper  entitled  "The  Need  for  Re- 
search in  Connection  with  the  Purification  of  Sewage". 
The  results  of  these  researches  are  appearing  in  several 
current  bulletins  of  the  State  Water  Survey. 

One  of  the  most  important  scientific  and  economic 
problems  of  the  State  is  the  condition  of  the  Illinois 
River.  The  establishment  of  a  laboratory  at  Peoria  in 
1923  makes  permanent  provision  for  the  study  of  that 
problem. 

A  general  State-wide  survey  of  stream  pollution  has 
been  completed  and  the  results  published  in  a  bulletin 
which  is  being  used  as  a  guide  by  the  Isaak  Walton 
League  in  their  anti-pollution  campaign. 


PROGRESS  259 


Department  of 
Purchases  and  Construction 

Leslie  Small,  Director 

IN    CREATING   the    Department   of    Purchases    and 
Construction,  during  the  54th  General  Assembly,  the 
Legislature    defines    the    duties    of    the    Department 
through    each    of    its    important    Divisions,    briefly,    as 
follows : 

Waterways.  To  exercise  the  rights  and  powers 
of  the  ''Canal  Commissioners,"  the  Rivers  and  Lakes 
Commission  of  Illinois  and  the  Illinois  Waterway  Com- 
mission. 

Architecture  and  Engineering.     To  prepare  plans, 
!  sketches  and  estimates  for  the  public  buildings  to  be 
erected  for  any  department,  and  to  construct  and  re- 
pair   such    buildings    and    to    have    general    supervision 
'  over  such  work. 

Purchases  and  Supplies.     To  procure  and  supply 
all    furniture,   general   office   equipment   and   supplies 
needed  by  the  departments ;  clothing,  instruments,  ap- 
paratus,   subsistence    and    provisions    for    charitable, 
penal  and  reformatory  institutions ;  beds,  bedding,  cell 
\  equipment,  table  and  kitchen  equipment,  machinery, 
;  work  shop  and  other  supplies,  when  other  departments 
,  are  not  authorized  to  do  so. 

Printing.     To  exercise  the  rights,  powers  and  du- 
,  ties  vested  in  the  Superintendent  of  Printing,  his  of- 
ficers and  employees. 

With  the  aid  of  a  capable  and  efficient  Division  Head 

and  a  complete  organization  in  each   Division,  this   De- 

,  partment   has   endeavored   to   carry   out    the    "Governor 

Small  Policy,"  that  a  dollar's  worth  of  value  be  received 


260  ILLINOIS 

for  every  dollar  expended.  Open,  competitive  bidding  on 
all  construction  contracts,  materials  and  supplies  of  all 
kinds,  as  outlined  by  law,  has  been  strictly  adhered  to, 
and  the  lowest  responsible  bidder  has  invariably  secured 
the  contract. 

The  Waterway  and  Building  programs  are  the  most 
extensive  ever  attempted.  If  the  work  is  not  interrupted, 
and  the  present  rate  of  progress  is  maintained,  another 
two  or  three  years  will  see  the  completion  of  the  great 
Illinois  Waterway,  connecting  the  Great  Lakes  with  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  Our  educational,  charitable  and  penal 
institutions  are  being  improved  with  modern,  sanitary 
buildings  that  will  adequately  provide  for  the  increasing 
population  of  these  institutions. 

DIVISION  OF  WATERWAYS 

William  F.  Mulvihill,  Supervisor  of  Illinois  Water- 
way Construction 

Over  300  years  ago  Pere  Marquette  and  Louis  Joliet 
dreamed  of  a  time  when  the  waters  of  the  Great  Lakes 
would  be  connected  through  an  adequate  navigable  chan- 
nel with  the  waters  of  the  Illinois  River  and  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  by  way  of  the  Father  of  Waters.  It  remained 
for  Governor  Len  Small  and  the  people  of  Illinois  through 
this  Division  to  build  the  Illinois  section  of  the  Lakes-to 
the-Gulf-Deep-Waterway  and  thus  to  translate  the  dream 
of  centuries  into  the  reality  of  actual  construction. 

Transportation  Rules  the  World 

The  business  of  transportation  of  persons  and  things 
is  perhaps  the  world's  greatest  industry.  The  demand  for 
more  and  better  and  cheaper  transportation  has  led  to  the 
greatest  engineering  development.  Wind  and  water,  elec- 
tricity and  steam,  machinery  and  power,  have  all  become 
the  servants  of  man  in  the  development  of  civilization. 


PROGRESS 


201 


262 


ILLINOIS 


Mouth   of   tunnel   which   is   to    carry    utilities    75    feet   under   the 
Des  Plaines  River  at  Joliet 


The  highest  lift  lock  gates  in  the  world  at  Lockport 


PROGRESS 


263 


Interior  of  the  Lockport  lock  of  the  Illinois  Waterway,   showing 
lower  gates  recessed  in  walls 


Giant  steamshovel  at  Brandon  Road 


264 


ILLINOIS 


Picturesque  lock  in  old  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal  at  Channahon 

Transportation  rules  the  world.  The  history  of  its  de- 
velopment is  the  story  of  the  advancing  march  of  civiliza- 
tion. 

Waterways  and  highways  have  always  determined 
the  location  of  colonies,  the  creation  of  new  communities 
and  the  increase  and  utilization  of  the  public  wealth. 

Our  internal  history  is  a  romance  of  transportation; 
of  trapper's  trails  and  corduroy  roads  across  the  marshes; 
of  the  evolution  of  wagon  roads  and  bridges ;  of  canals 
and  railroads ;  of  telegraph,  telephone  and  pipe  lines ;  of 
motor  trucks  and  the  miracle  of  aeroplanes ;  the  wedding 
of  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans  at  Pana- 
ma;  the  turning  of  the  Chicago  River  upstream;  the  dig- 
ging of  the  drainage  canal,  and  now  the  construction,  by 
Governor  Small,  of  the  Illinois  Waterway,  the  connect- 
ing link  for  transportation  between  the  Great  Lakes  and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 


PROGRESS 


265 


2G6 


ILLINOIS 


y^ 


Construction  work  at  Brandon  Road 


Water  Transportation  Is  Cheapest 

We  stand,  not  for  the  development  of  waterways 
alone,  but  for  the  improvement  and  utilization  of  every 
method  of  transportation  which  will  conduce  to  the  cheap 
and  expeditious  delivery  from  producer  to  consumer  of 
those  products  of  nature  or  industry  which  contribute  to 
the  welfare  and  enjoyment  of  the  American  people. 
These  include  transportation  by  water  and  rail,  by  high- 
way and  airway.  But  transportation  by  water  is  by  far 
the  cheapest  method  of  moving  large  quantities  of  freight 
from  one  place  to  another,  that  has  so  far  been  developed 
or  proposed.  For  example,  one  dollar  will  carry  one  ton 
of  freight  the  following  distances : 

4  miles  by  horse  and  wagon, 

20  miles  by  truck, 

100  miles  by  railroad, 

300  miles  on  New  York  Barge   Canal, 


PROGRESS  267 

500  miles  on  European  Canals, 

750  miles  on  the    Illinois-Mississippi    Water- 
way, 
The  "Erie"  and  "I.  &  M."  Canals 

1000     miles  on  Great  Lakes  boats. 

Since  the  days  of  the.  Revolution,  Congress  has  been 
confronted  with  the  problem  of  water  connections  be- 
tween the  Great  Lakes  and  tidewater  ports  to  the  East 
and  South. 

Early  in  the  nineteenth  century  the  State  of  New 
York  partially  solved  the  problem  of  an  Eastern  outlet 
to  the  Atlantic  by  construction  of  the  Erie  Canal  from 
the  Hudson  River  at  Albany  to  Lake  Erie  at  Buffalo. 

In  like  manner  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  from 
Chicago  to  LaSalle  on  the  Illinois  River  was  constructed 
by  our  State  with  the  aid  of  the  Federal  Government 
which  granted  a  right  of  way  through  the  public  lands 
and  also  large  tracts  to  be  sold  to  help  defray  construc- 
tion costs.  It  served  the  navigation  needs  of  its  time  and 
was  a  potent  factor  in  the  development  of  the  State,  sav- 
ing many  times  its  cost  in  reduced  transportation  charges. 

The  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  is  still  maintained 
and  is  usable  for  boats  of  3^-foot  draft,  not  exceeding 
100  feet  in  length  or  16  feet  in  width.  But  in  the  early 
days  of  the  last  century,  like  other  canals  of  its  type, 
utilizing  slow  moving,  animal-drawn  barges,  of  100  tons 
capacity,  it  largely  went  out  of  use  as  a  practical  means 
of  transportation,  giving  way  to  the  railroads  which 
stretched  their  tracks  to  every  part  of  the  State  and  could 
serve  the  people  more  cheaply. 

Transportation  demands  have  now  outgrown  our 
railroad  facilities  and  again  the  people  are  asking  Con- 
gressional action  in  aid  of  inland  waterway  improvement 
— cheap  transportation,  adequate  channels,  gigantic  locks 
and  modern  barges.  Due  to  the  modern  constructive 
ideals  of  Governor  Small,  the  waterway  needs  of  the 
present  situation  will  soon  be  met. 


268 


ILLINOIS 


PROGRESS 


269 


Artist's  conception  of  how  the  Brandon  Road  Waterway  lock  will 
look   when    completed,    showing    lock    to    left,    with    break- 
water,  power  plant,   dam,   turning  basin  and   retain- 
ing   walls    running    upstream    through    Joliet 

The  Chicago  Sanitary  and  Ship  Canal  extends  from 
Chicago  to  Lockport.  It  is  35  miles  long,  21  feet  deep, 
160  feet  wide,  and  was  opened  in  January,  1900.  Its 
primary  purpose  was  to  reverse  the  flow  of  the  Chicago 
River  and  thus  to  divert  the  sewage  from  Lake  Michigan 
and  prevent  pollution  of  the  water  supply  of  the  city. 
But  the  value  of  this  canal  as  an  integral  part  of  the 
Lakes-to-Gulf  Deep  Waterway  was  not  overlooked.  It 
constitutes  the  summit  level  of  the  entire  system  and  has 
cost  the  people  of  the  Chicago  district  upwards  of 
$75,000,000. 


Great  Progress  Made  Under  Governor  Small 

During  the  administration  of  Governor  Len  Small 
more  progress  has  been  made  in  the  development  of  our 
inland  waterways,  Lakes-to-Gulf  and  Great  Lakes- At- 
lantic, than  during  the  entire  history  of  the  State  prior  to 
his  taking  office. 

Under  his  direction,  five  gigantic  locks,  each  110  feet 
wide  and  over  600  feet  long,  are  being  constructed  by  the 


270 


ILLINOIS 


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PROGRESS 


271 


Marseilles  lock  completed  with  gates  in  place 


Upper    end   of   Marseilles   lock 


272 


ILLINOIS 


PROGRESS 


273 


274 


ILLINOIS 


Starved  Rock,   site  of  one  of   Illinois  Waterway  locks 

State,  to  overcome  a  fall  of  140  feet  in  the  65-mile  reach 
of  the  DesPlaines  and  Illinois  Rivers  between  the  end  of 
the  Chicago  Drainage  Canal  and  the  Illinois  River  near 
Utica,  below  which  point  the  Federal  Government  is  de- 
veloping a  9- foot  navigable  channel  to  New  Orleans. 

The  completion  of  the  Illinois  Waterway  will  give  us 
two  major  inland  waterway  systems,  the  Mississippi 
system  and  the  Great  Lakes  system.  The  Mississippi 
system  will  consist  of  about  9,000  miles  of  connected 
waterways,  of  which  some  3,100  miles  will  be  trunk  lines 
and  6,000  miles  laterals ;  that  is,  a  main  North-South 
trunk  line  1,500  miles  long  reaching  from  New  Orleans 
to  Chicago  and  there  connecting  with  the  Great  Lakes 
System,  and  crossing  this  a  great  East- West  trunk  line 
1,600  miles  in  length  from  above  Pittsburgh  through 
Cairo  to  Kansas  City.  The  Illinois  Waterway  is  the  con- 
necting link  between  these  two  great  systems. 

The  people  of  Illinois,  by  an  overwhelming  vote,  in 
1908  authorized  the  construction  of  the  Illinois  Waterway 


PROGRESS 


275 


276 


ILLINOIS 


■■::■■■■,"■■*:  ■.:■ 


Earth  levee  at  Beardstown,  erected  as  a  flood  protection  measure 


Concrete  sea 


wall  erected  by  State  at  Beardstown  for  protection 
from  floods 


PROGRESS 


277 


and  the  issuance  of  $20,000,000  of  bonds  to  provide  for 
the  same.  It  was  not  until  1919,  however,  that  the  neces- 
sary legislation  was  enacted.  The  work  of  actual  con- 
struction to  date  has  all  been  done  during  the  administra- 
tion of  Governor  Len  Small.  The  early  progress  of  the 
work  was  hampered  by  litigation  and  negotiations  over 
questions  of  water  power  and  right  of  way,  but  these 
difficulties  have  largely  been  surmounted. 


Building   a    "loop"   around   a   break   in   a   river   levee 


South  wing  of  Rendleman   levee,   Preston  district 


278 


ILLINOIS 


Levee   along   the    Mississippi    River   dynamited    to    let    the    floo< 
water   (right)  back  into  the  river 

Description  of  Illinois  Waterway  Locks 

All  the  locks  of  the  Illinois  Waterway  are  of  the 
same  horizontal  dimensions  but  vary  in  height.  Lock 
No.  1  is  located  at  Lockport  about  35  miles  from  Lake 
Michigan.  It  is  now  complete,  except  installation  of 
machinery  for  operating  the  lock  gates.  It  is  supplied 
with  water  through  the  Chicago  Drainage  Canal. 

This  lock  has  a  lift  of  41  feet  and  is  equipped  at  the 
upper  end  with  two  sets  of  gates  of  the  submersible  type, 
each  weighing  200  tons.  The  gates  at  the  lower  end  of 
the  Lockport  lock  are  of  the  swinging  type,  each  gate 
being  55  feet  wide  and  nearly  65  feet  high.  They  weigh 
315  tons  each.  These  gates,  which  are  operated  by  elec- 
tricity, are  the  highest  lock  gates  in  the  world  and  when 
open  fold  back  into  the  sides  of  the  lock.  The  lock 
chamber  can  be  filled  or  emptied  in  eight  to  ten  minutes. 

How  the  Locks  Raise  or  Lower  Barges 

The  locks  are  filled  by  closing  the  lower  gates  and 
opening  valves  which  allow  the  water  to  enter  the  lock 
chamber  through  water  intakes  in  the  walls  of  the  lock 
from  the  upper  level,  then  the  upper  gates  are  closed  and 


PROGRESS  279 

the  lower  valves  opened,  permitting  the  discharge  of  the 
water  downstream  until  the  water  in  the  lock  chamber 
reaches  the  level  of  the  pool  below  the  rock.  Then  the 
[lower  gates  are  opened,  allowing  the  craft  to  pass  out  of 
i  the  lock. 

Each  lock  is  large  enough  to  permit  locking  through 
a  fleet  of  10  barges  carrying  900  tons  each,  or  a  total  of 
9,000  tons  of  freight  at  a  single  lockage.  This  is  equiva- 
lent to  300  thirty-ton  freight  cars  or  six  railroad  trains 
consisting  of  50  cars  each. 

Location  of  Locks  and  Dams 

The  locations  of  the  locks  and  dams,  with  differences 
in  water  levels  of  the  upper  and  lower  pools  are : 

No.         Name.         Location.  Lift. 

1.  Lockport,  35  miles  from  Chicago 41  feet 

2.  Brandon  Road,  2  miles  below  Joliet 31  feet 

3.  Dresden  Island,  14  miles  downstream 17  feet 

4.  Marseilles,  3  miles  below  town 21  feet 

5.  Starved  Rock,  between  Ottawa  and  Utica .. .  16  feet 

Total  distance,  63  miles ;  fall,  140  feet ;  downstream 
slope,  14  feet;  combined  lift  of  locks,  126  feet. 

By  direction  of  Governor  Small  early  bids  for  the 
Starved  Rock  job  were  rejected  because  of  the  excessive 
bid  price  of  $2,825,040.  The  present  contract  price  is 
$1,475,832,  a  saving  of  $1,349,108.  Other  contracts  are 
being  completed  at  less  than  estimated  cost. 

The  Illinois  Waterway  Act  provides  for  an  8-foot 
navigable  channel  in  earth  sections,  9- foot  in  rock  sections 
and  for  14  feet  of  water  over  the  mitre  sills  of  the  locks, 
so  that  in  future  years  the  navigable  channel  may  be 
deepened  to  14  feet,  without  alteration  of  the  lock  struc- 
tures,  should  traffic   development   require  the  additional 

depth. 

If  we  are  permitted  to  continue  the  diversion  of 
8,500  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second  from  Lake  Michigan, 
as  at  present  authorized,  the  construction  provided   for 


28°  ILLINOIS 


by  the  statute  will  actually  give  us  a  9-foot  channe 
throughout  Illinois  Waterway  without  additional  cost  oi 
dredging. 

Standardized  Equipment  Likely 

The  locks  of  the  Illinois  Waterway  now  being  con- 
structed by  the  State  are  uniform  in  horizontal  dimen- 
sions and  lockage  capacity  with  those  being  constructed 
by  the  Federal  government  in  the  Ohio  River,  in  which 
navigation  to  a  9-foot  depth  will  be  maintained  from 
Pittsburgh  to  Cairo,  when  the  54  Ohio  River  locks  are 
completed  within  the  next  three  years.  This  will  permit 
the  use  and  interchange  of  standardized  equipment  on  the 
Illinois-Mississippi  and  the  Ohio-Mississippi  trunk  lines. 

The  progress  made  during  the  past  two  or  three 
years  indicates  this  great  project  should  be  completed 
within  the  next  three  years. 

Business  men  who  have  studied  the  situation  know 
that  once  barge  transportation  becomes  an  actual  fact, 
Illinois  will  become  the  real  industrial  as  well  as  agricul- 
tural center  of  America,  with  increased  prosperity  for 
city  and  country  alike. 

Commerce  Will  Exceed  Suez  and  Panama 

Within  10  years  the  commerce  on  the  Lakes-to-the- 
Gulf  Waterway  will  be  greater  than  the  tonnage  of  either 
the  Suez  or  Panama  Canals.  In  1926,  the  last  year  for 
which  figures  are  available,  river  transportation  for  the 
industrial  district  of  which  Pittsburgh  is  the  center, 
amounted  to  more  than  forty-four  billion  tons  as  com- 
pared with  an  annual  traffic  of  about  twenty-five  billion 
tons  each  for  Suez  and  Panama. 

When  the  Illinois-Mississippi  Waterway  is  complet- 
ed, industrial  Chicago  will  soon  outstrip  Pittsburgh.  Its 
geographical  location  and  the  fact  that  coal  and  ore  may 
be  brought  together  there  at  low  cost,  makes  this  inevita- 
ble when  aided  by  cheap  transportation  to  the  markets  of 
the  world. 


PROGRESS  281. 

The  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  is  now  com- 
mitted to  the  policy  of  requiring  the  railroads  to  join 
with  barge  lines  in  the  establishment  of  through  routes, 
with  joint  rail-barge  and  rail-barge-rail  rates.  The  re- 
sults of  such  co-operation  are  cheaper  transportation  and 
improvement  in  business  conditions. 

The  completion  of  the  Illinois  Waterway  will  add  at 
least  $100,000,000  per  year  in  volume  of  business.  This 
increase  in  trade  and  commerce  will  benefit  producers  and 
consumers.  Every  family  will  be  aided,  either  directly 
or  indirectly. 

f  Cheap  Transportation  From  Chicago  to  the  Sea 
After  a  century  of  looking  yearningly  southward  to 
the  sea,  Chicago,  thanks  to  Governor  Small,  soon  will 
watch  its  barges  of  Commerce  ride  out  the  Chicago  and 
Little  Calumet  rivers  into  the  Chicago  drainage  canal, 
thence  into  the  DesPlaines  River,  on  into  the  Illinois,  out 
upon  the  Mississippi,  south  past  St.  Louis  and  on  to 
New  Orleans,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  markets  of  the 
World. 

A  waterway  without  water  would,  of  course,  be  use- 
less. Navigation  through  the  Illinois  Waterway  requires 
the  diversion  of  a  certain  amount  of  water  from  Lake 
Michigan.  The  continental  divide  separating  the  Great 
Lakes-St.  Lawrence  basin  from  the  Mississippi  water- 
shed, lies  but  a  few  miles  west  of  the  city  of  Chicago. 
By  digging  the  drainage  canal  through  this  elevation  the 
current  in  the  Chicago  River  was  reversed  and  it  became 
in  fact  and  in  law  a  part  of  the  Mississippi  river  system. 
This  is  the  only  point  around  the  Great  Lakes  at  which 
a  diversion  of  water  by  gravity  flow  from  one  watershed 
to  another  is  possible. 

Amount  of  Diversion  Needed  for  Navigation 

Unfortunately  a  controversy  arose  as  to  the  amount 
of  diversion  necessary  to  provide  for  the  sanitary  needs 
of  Chicago  and  the  development  of  transportation. 


282  ILLINOIS 

From  1903  to  1925  the  Federal  permit  authorized 
diversion  of  water  for  sanitary  purposes  of  4,167  cubic 
feet  per  second.  But,  to  preserve  the  public  health  of  the 
ever  multiplying  population  of  the  Chicago  district  an 
average  of  about  8,500  c.f.s.  has  been  diverted  for  the 
past  10  years.  Proceedings  instituted  by  the  Federal  gov- 
ernment to  restrain  the  excess  diversion  were  decided  in 
favor  of  the  Government  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States,  in  1925.  Immediately  after  this  vindica- 
tion of  Federal  authority  the  Secretary  of  War  issued  a 
new  permit,  which  expires  December  31,  1929,  authoriz- 
ing the  continued  diversion  of  8,500  c.f.s. 

The  right  of  Congress  to  authorize  the  diversion  of 
water  from  one  watershed  to  another,  or  to  say  how 
much  water  may  be  used,  has  been  challenged  in  a  suit 
brought  in  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  by  Wiscon- 
sin and  other  lake  states,  which  assert  that  neither  the 
State  of  Illinois  nor  the  Sanitary  District  of  Chicago  can 
lawfully  divert  Lake  Michigan  water  even  though  so 
authorized  by  the  Secretary  of  War. 

On  the  question  thus  raised  Former  Associate  Justice 
Charles  Evans  Hughes,  as  Special  Master  for  the  Su- 
preme Court,  recently  filed  his  report  that  such  diversion 
having  been  authorized  by  the  Secretary  of  War  was  law- 
ful and  that  Congress  has  the  right  to  determine  and 
regulate  such  diversion. 

Mr.  Hughes  also  found  that :  "There  is  no  adequate 
supply  (of  water)  for  lockage  except  by  diversion  from 
Lake  Michigan.  Other  plans  would  involve  prohibitive 
expense."  Also  that :  "Upon  all  the  facts  it  was  per- 
missible for  the  Secretary  of  War  to  reach  the  conclusion 
that  the  diversion  from  Lake  Michigan  of  8,500  c.f.s.  was 
to  some  extent  an  aid  to  the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi 
River  in  time  of  low  water." 

Does  Not  Agree  1,000  c.  f.  s.  Is  Enough 
Refusing  to  agree  that  a  diversion  of   1,000  cubic 
feet  per  second  will  be  sufficient  for  purposes  of  naviga- 
tion, the  former  Secretary  of  State  said: 


PROGRESS  283 

"The  complainants  contend  that  if  the  water  for  lock- 
age and  navigation  purposes  for  a  waterway  from  Lake 
Michigan  to  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  River  is  or  should 
be  taken  from  the  Great  Lakes-St.  Lawrence  watershed, 
a  diversion  of  less  than  1,000  cubic  feet  per  second  of 
water  is  sufficient  to  supply  all  the  needs  of  navigation. 
I  am  unable  so  to  find.  The  needs  of  navigation  of  that 
waterway  will  depend  upon  carrying  out  of  plans  already 
adopted  and  upon  the  ultimate  decision  of  Congress  with 
respect  to  water  communication  between  Lake  Michigan 
and  the  Mississippi  River;  the  extent  to  which  locks  and 
dams  are  to  be  used  or  installed  (in  the  lower  Illinois), 
that  is,  the  character  of  the  improvements  and  the  amount 
which  it  is.  determined  to  expend." 

The  "plans  already  adopted"  for  the  Illinois  Water- 
way were  sanctioned  and  approved  by  the  United  States 
Government  before  work  was  begun. 

The  Illinois  River  below  Starved  Rock  is  very  slug- 
gish, having  a  fall  of  only  28  feet  in  225  miles.  There 
were  two  Federal-  and  two  State-owned  dams  and  locks, 
originally  built  to  raise  the  water  to  seven  feet,  before  the 
Chicago  Sanitary  canal  was  opened. The  State  dams  have 
been  turned  over  to  the  United  States  for  deepening  or 
removal.  The  locks  are  too  small  to  accommodate 
tows  of  barges  such  as  the  Illinois  Waterway  will  take 
care  of,  without  breaking  up  the  formations.  Governor 
Small  personally  discussed  this  situation  with  President 
Coolidge  and  the  Chief  of  Army  Engineers,  with  a  view 
to  the  removal  of  all  the  old  locks  and  dams.  Congress  has 
authorized  improvement  of  the  river  to  nine  feet  and  re- 
moval of  the  two  dams  formerly  owned  by  the  State. 

Terminal  Study  Being  Made  for  State 

Under  direction  of  Governor  Small  a  comprehensive 
and  detailed  study  is  now  being  made  of  the  entire  sub- 
ject of  water  terminals,  covering  all  cities  and  towns 
located  on  Illinois  waters.  It  is  hoped  that  as  a  result  of 
these  studies  the  State  may  be  able  to  advise  the  various 


284  ILLINOIS 

communities  and  interests,  public  and  private,  so  that 
terminal  facilities  and  equipment  may  be  standardized 
and  co-ordinated  and  the  greatest  possible  efficiency  estab- 
lished while  keeping  the  expense  of  terminal  construction 
down  to  a  minimum. 

Illinois,  located  in  the  heart  of  the  surplus  grain  belt 
of  the  United  States,  is  nearly  1,500  miles  farther  from 
the  open  seas  than  other  great  grain-exporting  sections, 
aside  from  Canada.  This  puts  the  Illinois  farmer  at  a 
great  disadvantage.  The  cost  of  the  long  haul  to  tide- 
water is  also  keenly  felt  by  the  manufacturers  and  mer- 
chants of  our  State. 

The  entire  nation  contributed  to  the  building  of  the 
Panama  Canal.  The  use  of  the  Panama  Canal  has  great- 
ly reduced  the  cost  of  haul  from  coast  to  coast  and  has 
given  an  advantage  of  from  $300  to  $1,000  per  carload 
to  those  able  to  avail  themselves  of  it.  In  building  the 
Illinois  Waterway  in  the  shortest  possible  time  Governor 
Small  is  striving  to  relieve  the  industrial  and  agricultural 
interests  of  Illinois  from  this  economic  handicap. 

Benefits  Are  Widespread 

The  farm  lands  of  the  Illinois  Valley  are  of  unsur- 
passed fertility.  The  territory  within  trucking  distance 
of  the  Illinois  Waterway  and  its  connecting  waters  em- 
braces 78  per  cent  of  the  area  and  86  per  cent  of  the 
population  of  the  State.  Within  this  territory  there  is 
annually  produced  more  than  200,000,000  bushels  of  corn, 
oats,  wheat,  rye  and  barley,  of  which  about  60  per  cent 
is  exported.  The  railroad  rate  on  grain  from  St.  Louis  to 
New  Orleans  is  18  cents  per  hundred  pounds  ;  the  barge 
rate  is  11 J^  cents.  The  present  difference  is  6T/2  cents  a 
hundred ;  the  ultimate  reduction  to  Illinois  farmers  when 
the  through  route  from  Chicago  to  New  Orleans  is  com- 
pleted will  amount  to  about  9  cents  a  hundred  or  approx- 
imately 6  cents  a  bushel ;  this  means  a  saving  of  at  least 
$10,000,000  per  year. 


PROGRESS  285 

Self-propelled  vessels  of  the  Mississippi  Barge  Serv- 
ice are  now  bringing  sugar  and  coffee  from  the  Gulf 
coast  to  St.  Louis,  then  forwarding  by  rail  to  Chicago 
and  other  points,  at  a  saving  of  from  $40  to  $60  per  car- 
load. In  Chicago,  for  example,  sugar  is  now  received 
from  New  Orleans  via  water  to  St.  Louis,  thence  by  rail 
to  Chicago  at  a  saving  of  $60  per  car,  and  coffee  is  thus 
shipped  at  a  saving  of  $40  per  car.  Much  greater  bene- 
fits will  be  secured  when  water  transportation  is  continued 
through  to  Chicago. 

Many  will  be  interested  in  knowing  that  the  Charles 
Ward  Engineering  Works  of  Charleston,  West  Virginia, 
hc?s  designed  a  proposed  St.  Louis-New  Orleans  passenger 
steamer,  450  feet  long  with  a  speed  of  18  miles  an  hour. 
140  rooms  with  bath  and  accommodations  for  670  pas- 
sengers. 

When  the  Lakes-to-Gulf  Waterway  is  completed 
such  boats  may  be  expected  to  ply  regularly  between  Chi- 
cago and  New  Orleans,  with  daily  sailings  in  both  direc- 
tions. This  would  permit  one  to  take  a  night  boat  out  of 
Chicago  and  the  next  morning  be  in  Peoria,  after  a  cool, 
clean,  refreshing  night's  ride.  The  same  boat  would  take 
oae  on  to  St.  Louis,  to  Cairo,  to  Memphis,  to  Vicksburg, 
and  to  New  Orleans.  With  no  stopovers,  the  same  boat 
should  make  the  round  trip,  3,000  miles  by  water,  in 
two  weeks. 

Emergency  Flood  Relief  Work 

Illinois  is  a  river-washed  state.  Its  boundary  and 
bisecting  streams  are  all  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi. 
It  is  seriously  affected  by  flood  conditions  in  the  Missis- 
sippi valley. 

The  map  herewith  presented  indicates  the  localities 
where  flood  damages  amounting  to  more  than  $30,000,000 
have  occurred  in  Illinois  during  the  past  6  years.  This 
territory  includes  447,339  acres  of  land  in  drainage  and 
levee  districts  with  aggregate  losses  of  $25,648,517. 


286  ILLINOIS 

The  flood  of  1926  was  in  the  Fall  of  the  year  and  de- 
stroyed much  of  the  standing  crop  in  the  districts  in- 
undated. The  1927  flood  came  in  the  Spring  and  pre- 
vented any  crop  that  year.  The  effect  was  substantially 
that  of  one  continuous  flood  covering  a  period  of  7  or  8 
months  with  total  damages  of  $18,805,441.  To  these 
damages  sustained  by  the  Drainage  and  Levee  Districts 
should  be  added  $3,198,500,  representing  flood  losses  in 
East  Peoria,  Mound  City  and  Beardstown  for  1926  and 
1927,  and  also  about  $850,000  of  flood  losses  reported  by 
railroads  and  $750,000  damage  to  State  highways,  mak- 
ing a  total  of  $23,603,941  for  the  1926-1927  flood,  or  a 
total  of  $30,737,685  within  the  1922-1927  period. 

Flood  damages  occurred  along  the  Illinois  River 
from  Peoria  to  Grafton,  along  the  Sangamon  River  from 
Springfield  to  its  mouth,  and  on  the  Mississippi  River 
from  East  St.  Louis  to  Cairo. 

The  depth  of  water  on  drainage  and  levee  districts 
in  some  cases  was  as  great  as  15  feet.  In  the  city  of 
Beardstown  on  the  Illinois  River,  80  per  cent  of  the  city 
was  submerged  up  to  a  maximum  of  about  12  feet. 

Governor  Leads  Fight  for  Federal  Aid 

Governor  Len  Small  has  taken  a  keen  interest  in  the 
problem  of  flood  control.  Under  his  personal  leadership, 
not  only  did  the  last  General  Assembly  appropriate 
$1,500,000  for  emergency  flood  relief  for  the  sorely 
stricken  flood  sufferers  of  Southern  Illinois,  but  after  the 
Legislature  adjourned,  a  special  trip  was  made  to  the 
national  capital  by  the  Governor,  where  he  appeared  in. 
his  official  capacity  before  the  Congressional  Flood  Con- 
trol Committee  to  urge  Federal  action  in  behalf  of  per- 
manent protection  of  the  lives  and  property  of  the  people 
from  the  danger  of  devastating  floods. 

After  submitting  a  23-page  tabulated  report,  show- 
ing in  detail  the  items  comprising  the  $30,737,685  dam- 
ages above  recorded,  Governor  Small  among  other  things 
said: 


PROGRESS  287 

"As  Governor  of  the  State  of  Illinois  for  the  past 
seven  years,  during  which  period  our  people  have  gone 
through  these  trying  experiences  and  have  suffered  these 
tremendous  losses,  there  has  been  impressed  upon  my 
mind  the  menace  of  the  uncontrolled  flood  waters,  and 
the  imperative  necessity  for  the  establishment  of  a  broad 
system  of  national  flood  control,  through  which  alone,  it 
seems  to  me,  the  recurrence  of  similar  disasters  in  the 
future  can  be  prevented. 

State  Provides  Emergency  Relief 

"The  hardships  so  patiently  borne  by  flood  sufferers 
of  Illinois,  their  fortitude  under  misfortune  and  their 
financial  inability  adequately  to  protect  themselves  and 
their  property  from  the  ravages  of  the  rivers  have  im- 
pelled me,  from  time  to  time,  in  official  messages  to  urge 
Upon  the  legislative  department  of  our  State  government 
the  making  of  appropriations  from  the  public  treasury, 
for  emergency  relief  of  the  submerged  areas  and  for  the 
development  of  plans,  in  conjunction  with  the  Federal 
Government,  for  permanent  flood  prevention  through  a 
scientific  and  comprehensive  plan  for  flood  control. 

"That  the  sentiment  of  the  people  of  Illinois  is  in 
favor  of  permanent  flood  control  and  of  immediate  flood 
relief,  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  the  General  Assembly 
appropriated  the  sum  of  $1,500,000  for  Emergency  Flood 
Work  by  an  almost  unanimous  vote.  It  is  further  evi- 
denced by  the  fact  that  the  people  of  the  city  of  Chi- 
cago voluntarily  contributed  more  than  $1,000,000  addi- 
j!   tional  for  flood  relief  purposes. 

"Another  appropriation  of  $350,000  was  made  for 
the  construction  of  concrete  walls  along  the  Illinois  River 
at  Beardstown  and  for  earth  levees  connecting  the  same 
with  the  high  ground  back  of  the  city,  thus  providing,  it 
is  hoped,  some  measure  of  permanent  protection  for  the 
people  of  this  long-suffering  community. 


288  ILLINOIS 

"Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Legislature  of  the  State 
has  this  year  provided  nearly  $2,000,000  for  flood  relief 
work  in  the  State  of  Illinois." 

The  Governor  concluded  his  address  with  an  appeal 
for  Federal  action  to  prevent  future  flood  disasters  and 
pledged  the  cooperation  of  Illinois  in  support  of  any  well- 
considered  national  program. 

The  Beardstown  sea  wall  and  levees  have  been  com- 
pleted during  1928. 

DIVISION  OF  ARCHITECTURE  AND 
ENGINEERING 

William  J.  Lindstrom,  Supervising  Engineer 

In  the  light  of  activities  of  the  Division  of  Archi- 
tecture and  Engineering,  it  is  pertinent  to  call  attention 
to  the  success  of  Governor  Len  Small's  efforts  towards 
improvement  of  congested  conditions  in  State  charitable 
institutions,  which,  when  he  took  office,  had  become  over- 
crowded to  such  an  extent  that  patients  were  sleeping  on 
the  floors.  Justifiable  pride  can  be  taken  in  emphasizing 
that  additional  bed  capacity  for  6,000  patients  has  been 
provided  in  buildings  already  turned  over  for  occupancy 
and  in  those  under  construction  and  approaching  com- 
pletion, an  increase  without  precedence  in  any  similar 
period  in  the  history  of  the  State.  In  providing  this 
additional  bed  capacity,  auxiliary  buildings,  such  as  boiler 
houses,  dining  halls,  kitchens,  industrial  buildings,  shop 
buildings,  green  houses,  school  buildings,  assembly  halls, 
etc.,  were  necessitated  and  constructed. 

In  order  to  visualize  this  increased  capacity  for  6,000 
patients  one  would  have  to  have  in  mind  the  entire  group 
of  buildings  included  in  two  of  the  largest  State  insti- 
tutions :  the  Chicago  State  Hospital  at  Dunning  and  the 
Kankakee  State  Hospital  at  Kankakee. 

There  also  have  been  provided  seating  capacities 
totaling  50,000  in  buildings  for  recreation  and  educational 
purposes,  including  the  grand  stand  at  the   State   Fair 


PROGRESS 


289 


Grounds,  Springfield;  assembly  halls  at  welfare  institu- 
tions ;  armories ;  school  gymnasiums  and  school  buildings, 
as  well  as  the  restoration  of  school  facilities  in  the  district 
devastated  by  the  tornado  in  the  southern  part  of  Illinois 
in  March,  1925. 

The  above  building  program  represents  an  expendi- 
ture of  $12,500,000.     In  this  extensive  work  the  average 


Interior  of  cell.  Illinois  State  Penitentiary,  Stateville 


290 


ILLINOIS 


PROGRESS 


291 


292 


ILLINOIS 


Juvenile  Research  Hospital  of  the  Illinois  Research  and  Educa 
tional  Hospital,   Chicago 


High  school  at  Murphysboro,  damaged  by  tornado  and  recon- 
structed by  the  State 


PROGRESS 


293 


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ILLINOIS 


PROGRESS 


295 


Medical  Hospital  Building,  Alton  State  Hospital 


New  Gymnasium,  Western  Illinois  State  Teachers'  College, 
Macomb 


296 


ILLINOIS 


PROGRESS  297 

unit  cost  per  hospital  bed  has  been  $1,200,  including  the 
incidental  buildings  necessary  to  make  a  complete  insti- 
tution. This  is  40  per  cent  cheaper  than  is  customarily 
spent  for  buildings  similarly  constructed  for  private  use. 

Many  Institutional  Buildings  Standardized 

In  carrying  on  this  work,  the  Division  has  made 
much  progress  in  the  standardization  of  institutional 
buildings.  Cooperating  with  the  Department  of  Public 
Welfare  and  using  as  a  basis  the  well  worked-out  system 
}f  classification  and  subdivision  of  patients  adopted  in 
that  department,  typical  individual  buildings  have  been 
planned  with  their  internal  arrangement  adapted  to  the 
special  requirements  of  each  of  the  various  types  of  the 
insane  and  feeble  minded.  This  will  greatly  facilitate  the 
future  work  of  the  Division  and  will  assist  toward  a  reg- 
ular and  progressive  evolution  into  perfected,  practical 
:ypes  of  buildings,  parallel  with  the  improvement  in  the 
:are  and  treatment  of  the  patients  that  characterizes  the 
present  policy  of  the  State.  Standard  buildings  have 
Deen  designed  and  built  for  acute  disease  hospitals, 
irranged  for  ambulatory,  semi-ambulatory  and  bedridden 
:ases;  ward  buildings  for  the  acute  mental  or  custodial, 
:he  educational  and  the  industrial  classifications ;  isolation 
md  observation  buildings  for  diagnostic  patients.  Many 
)utside  authorities  have  asked  for  our  plans. 

Standard  details  have  been  adopted  looking  toward 
iimplifying  maintenance  and  upkeep.  A  start  has  also 
aeen  made  toward  standardizing  farm  buildings,  a  class 
)f  structures  which  is  well  adapted  for  repetition  in  uni- 
form types. 

It  has  been  thought  best,  in  general,  to  have  the  build- 
ngs  one  story  in  height  without  basements.  The  con- 
struction is  simple  and  of  permanent  materials,  the  walls 
ire  of  concrete  block,  faced  with  brick  on  the  exterior  and 
m  the  inside  wainscoted  with  glazed  brick  seven  feet  in 
leight.  Floors  are  of  impervious  terrazzo  or  tile  with 
10  crevices  to  fill  with  filth  or  vermin.    The  Georgian,  a 


298 


ILLINOIS 


d 


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5  d 


+3  C 


B.2 

a? 

U2% 

.a 

o 

W  02 

^  a 
o  o 

d  at 


too 

Ss 
if 


S3  0) 


112 


PROGRESS 


299 


Girls'    cottages    and    Administration    Building,    Illinois'    Soldiers' 
Orphans*  Home,  Normal 


Looking  into   reading   room   of   library,    Centennial    Memorial 
Building,  Springfield 


300 


ILLINOIS 


PROGRESS 


301 


Restored  building,  Old  Salem  State  Park 


New  Nurses'  Home,  Anna  State  Hospital 


302 


ILLINOIS 


Interior   of  New   Library,    University   of   Illinois 


New  Agricultural   Building-,   University  of   Illinois 


PROGRESS 


303 


New  ward  building  at  the  Lincoln  State  School  and  Colony 

refined  and  scholarly  style  of  architecture,  but  at  the 
same  time  one  of  great  practicability  and  easily  adaptable 
to  modern  requirements,  has  been  used.  Beecher  Hall 
of  Illinois  College  at  Jacksonville,  an  interesting  early  ex- 
ample of  the  Georgian  transplanted  to  Illinois,  was  felt 
to  be  appropriate  for  use  as  a  model. 

The  activities  consist  of  buildings  and  improvements 
at  a  majority  of  the  State-owned  properties,  but  the  major 
projects  of  construction  work  have  been  at  Elgin  State 
Hospital,  Elgin;  Centennial  Memorial  Building,  Spring- 
field ;  Illinois  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home,  Normal ;  Dixon 
State  Hospital,  Dixon ;  Research  and  Educational  Hos- 
pital, Chicago;  Jacksonville  State  Hospital,  Jacksonville; 
Alton  State  Hospital,  Alton;  Chicago  State  Hospital, 
Dunning;  Illinois  State  Fair  Grounds,  Springfield;  and 
the  new  Illinois  State  Penitentiary,  Stateville. 

This  building  program  does  not  include  the  expendi- 
ture of  about  $5,000,000  for  buildings  at  the  University 
of   Illinois. 


304  ILLINOIS 

The  Division  has  also  benefited  greatly  by  the  close 
interest  and  encouragement  of  Governor  Small  in  all  of 
its  work.  Governor  Small  has  never  been  too  occupied 
to  find  time  to  give  his  close  attention  to  the  innumer- 
able details  of  planning  and  design.  It  is  needless  to  say 
that  under  such  conditions  the  complete  loyalty  of  all 
members  of  the  personnel  of  this  office  has  been  enlisted 
and  their  utmost  capability  given  to  the  performance  of 
their  duties. 


PROGRESS  305 

DIVISION  OF  PRINTING 

H.  L.  Williamson,  Superintendent  of  Printing 


The  saving  of  thousands  of  dollars  of  the  State's 
money  annually  has  been  effected  through  the  system  of 
purchases  and  procedure  followed  by  the  Division  of 
Printing,  which  is  the  result  of  several  years'  effort  on 
the  part  of  the  Superintendent  of  Printing  and  the  per- 
sonnel of  his  office.  A  considerable  portion  of  the 
$1,000,000  appropriated  biennially  for  printing,  binding 
and  office  supplies  has  been  returned,  unspent,  to  the 
State  Treasury  each  biennium,  and  superior  grades  of 
work  and  standards  of  supplies  have  been  obtained. 

Practically  all  supplies  procured  for  the  offices  of 
all  elective  State  officers,  the  State  courts,  charitable  and 
penal  institutions,  Normal  universities  and  the  several 
other  State  departments  through  the  Division  of  Print- 
ing are  purchased  direct  from  the  mill  in  carload  lots. 
This  results  in  savings  varying  from  25  to  50  per  cent  in 
cost,  and  includes  annually  the  purchase  of  many  car- 
loads of  standardized  papers.  Five  kinds  of  paper  are 
bought  for  forms,  bulletins,  books,  stationery,  etc.  Pur- 
chases, of  course,  are  made  on  the  bid  and  contract 
system,  the  contract  being  awarded  to  the  lowest  bidder. 
Printing  is  purchased  in  the  same  way,  under  eight 
separate  headings.  The  printers  are  supplied  with  paper 
which  has  been  bought  by  the  State  at  low  cost. 

Another  saving  of  importance  is  that  brought  about 
by  the  prompt  payment  of  bills  and  the  deducting  of  dis- 
counts. The  sum  of  $25,024.38  in  this  Division  alone  has 
thus  been  saved  since  Governor  Small  took  office  in  1921. 

Standardized  Business  Forms  Adopted. 
Within  the  last  few  years,  coincident  with  the  uni- 
fication of  purchases  in  this  Division,  a  system  of  uniform 
blanks,  order  forms  and  other  means  of  routine  written 
communication  has  been  inaugurated  and  covers  all  State 
offices  and  institutions.     Instead  of  separate  blanks  for 


306  ILLINOIS 

each  office,  all  use  the  same  forms,  which  are  standardized 
and  printed  in  large  quantities  at  considerable  saving. 

The  perpetual  inventory  system  of  handling  stock  is 
maintained.  The  exact  quantity  on  hand  of  any  kind  of 
paper  stock  or  article  for  office  use  is  known  every  day, 
under  this  method,  and  as  a  result  both  understocking 
and  overstocking  are  eliminated,  and  the  Division  is  also 
in  position  to  take  advantage  of  the  lowest  current  market 
prices.  No  old  stock  is  accumulated.  Two  store  rooms 
are  maintained,  each  with  a  power  paper  cutter  for  cutting 
the  stock  to  fit  the  needs  of  the  various  offices.  Scratch 
pads  are  cut  from  scraps  of  paper  and  obsolete  blanks, 
and  are  furnished  free  to  all  offices.  This  item  alone 
saves  many  dollars  every  year. 

A  cost  expert  saves  other  thousands  of  dollars  each 
year.  Selected  for  his  ability  to  estimate  closely  in  ad- 
vance what  a  given  piece  of  printed  work  will  cost,  he 
goes  over  each  printing  order  carefully  and  places  the 
price  on  it  in  accordance  with  the  contracts.  His  work 
automatically  eliminates  all  possibility  of  unfavorable 
price  errors  and  at  the  same  time  assures  the  printers  a 
fair  profit. 

The  State  Legislature  every  two  years  appropriates 
to  each  of  the  State  departments  a  certain  amount  of 
money  for  printing  and  binding  and  office  supplies.  The 
Division  of  Printing  fills  the  orders  on  requisition  as  sent 
in  by  each  department,  either  out  of  stock  or  by  direct 
purchase.  A  daily  balance  of  each  departmental  appro- 
priation is  kept  by  the  Division,  and  the  possibility  of 
overdrawing  on  its  appropriation  by  any  department  is 
avoided.  The  Department  directors  are  given  monthly 
statements  showing  the  condition  of  their  appropriations, 
and  are  also  advised  how  best  to  order  supplies  and  to 
distribute  completed  work.  This  cooperation  is  carried 
out  in  the  fullest  possible  manner,  to  the  end  that  each 
department  may  secure  more  for  what  it  must  spend  and 
save  unnecessary  expenditures. 


PROGRESS  307 

Costs  Kept  at  Minimum 

By  a  careful  advance  estimate  of  the  number  of 
copies  of  each  printed  order  needed,  very  frequently 
ways  may  be  found  by  which  a  given  printing  order  may 
be  kept  at  a  minimum  figure,  so  there  will  be  no  copies 
left  over  in  disuse,  to  be  sold  later  for  junk.  Suggestions 
are  always  given  where  it  is  seen  that  savings  can  be 
made. 

Formerly  printers  were  required  to  secure  stock 
from  the  State  storerooms  and  to  deliver  finished  work 
to  the  Division.  Some  time  ago  a  system  of  trucking  was 
put  into  use,  and  a  single  unit  now  serves  to  handle  the 
needs  of  all  printers  in  Springfield  doing  State  work,  at 
a  great  saving. 

The  appropriation  for  the  Division  has  not  known 
a  deficiency  since  Governor  Small  took  office.  Instead, 
balances  have  been  on  hand  at  the  close  of  each  biennium, 
which  have  totaled  $191,159.31  for  the  Administration 
period. 

In  addition,  approximately  $34,000,  made  up  of  re- 
ceipts from  various  sources,  including  the  sale  of  waste 
paper,  etc.,  has  been  turned  into  the  State  Treasury  from 
this  Division  during  the  same  period. 

During  the  year  July  1,  1926,  to  July  1,  1927,  a  total 
of  18,820  orders  from  various  State  departments  and  in- 
stitutions were  filled  by  the  Division. 

The  efficiency  of  the  Division  of  Printing  has  been 
fostered  to  a  large  extent  by  the  insistence  of  Governor 
Small  that  all  Divisions  of  the  State  government  account- 
able to  him  shall  be  operated  in  a  manner  which  best 
conserves  the  taxpayers'  money  and  at  the  same  time  gives 
the  highest  degree  of  service  both  to  the  administration 
of  the  State's  business  and  to  the  people  of  Illinois  as  a 
whole. 


308  ILLINOIS 

DIVISION  OF  PURCHASES  AND  SUPPLIES 

Lawrence  H.  Becherer,  State  Purchasing  Agent 

Charged  by  law  with  the  duty  of  consolidating  and 
purchasing  the  many  requirements  of  the  State,  the  Di- 
vision of  Purchases  and  Supplies  has  been  confronted 
with  the  continuing  task  of  seeing  to  it  that  a  dollar's 
worth  of  merchandise  is  obtained  for  every  dollar  ex- 
pended. To  this  end  the  energies  of  the  State  Purchas- 
ing Agent  and  the  personnel  of  his  office  have  been  bent 
with  results  that  have  attracted  the  attention  of  large- 
scale  buyers  in  every  part  of  the  United  States. 

To  list  and  classify  the  items  purchased  by  this  Di- 
vision every  year  would  in  itself  occupy  an  entire  large 
volume,  yet  the  whole  work  is  accomplished  by  a  small 
force  of  fourteen  employees  and  the  State  Purchasing 
Agent  at  an  expense  of  less  than  one-half  of  one  per  cent 
(about  l/250th)  of  the  total  volume  purchased.  So  far 
as  it  has  been  possible  to  ascertain,  this  is  a  smaller  buy- 
ing cost  than  that  of  any  of  the  other  states  of  the  Union. 

During  the  administration  of  Governor  Small  a  high- 
ly efficient  system  of  purchasing  has  been  evolved  and  put 
into  use  with  the  following  results: 

(1)  Contracts  for  supplies  are  made  to  the  lowest 
bidder  on  a  quality  basis,  following  an  open  and  above- 
board  competition  for  each  article  or  group  of  articles  by 
responsible  bidders.  Records  of  each  transaction  are 
open  for  inspection  at  all  times  by  the  public  and  the 
bidders. 

(2)  From  $300,000  to  $400,000  is  saved  annually  by 
the  prompt  payment  of  bills,  enabling  the  State  to  take 
advantage  of  every  possible  discount  in  price. 

(3)  All  articles  purchased  are  analyzed,  tested,  in- 
spected or  compared  with  the  original  samples  before 
they  are  paid  for.  In  this  way  the  State  always  gets 
what  it  orders  and  pays  for. 

(4)  The  waste  invariably  attendant  to  emergency 
buying  and  small  quantity  purchase  is  eliminated  by  buy- 


PROGRESS  309 

ing,  whenever  possible,  on  contract  for  periods  of  three 
months,  six  months  or  a  year. 

(5)  The  contracts  for  supplies  having  a  quickly 
changing  market  price,  or  whenever  there  is  a  possibility 
of  a  change  in  price,  are  awarded  within  an  hour  or  two 
of  the  opening  of  bids. 

(6)  In  addition  to  public  advertising,  as  required  by 
law,  proposals  are  sent  to  all  interested  potential  bidders, 
insuring  the  State  advantage  of  the  widest  possible 
market  from  which  to  select  and  the  maximum  competi- 
tion in  bidding. 

(7)  Every  possible  encouragement  is  given  to  Illi- 
nois individuals  and  firms,  and  to  dealers  in  materials 
produced  in  Illinois. 

Many  economies  have  been  effected  by  adoption  and 
use  of  a  comprehensive  system  of  specifications.  The 
specification  itself  is  a  detailed  description  of  an  article 
used  by  the  State,  as  proved  best  for  State  use  by  exhaus- 
tive laboratory  and  practical  tests.  There  are  more  than 
30,000  specifications  on  file,  from  canned  corn  to  concrete 
mixers,  from  automobile  parts  to  barn  paint.  These  are 
constantly  revised  and  kept  literally  up-to-the-minute. 

Under  the  specification  system,  the  State  secures  bids 
on  what  has  been  proved  best  ror  its  use,  eliminating  con- 
sideration of  articles  offered  by  those  who  sell  their  own 
products,  regardless  of  the  quality,  value  or  adaptability. 
The  purchase  of  better  food,  clothing  and  general  sup- 
plies has  materially  reduced  waste  and  added  greatly  to 
the  comfort  and  happiness  of  the  State's  wards  without 
increasing  (in  many  cases  decreasing)  costs.  No  sec- 
onds, shoddy  or  sub-standard  articles  are  bought,  and 
food  qualities  are  such  that  no  separate  provision  is  neces- 
sary for  the  tables  of  employees. 

More  than  40,000  bids,  covering  upwards  of  1,000,- 
000  separate  items,  are  received  each  year  by  the  Divi- 
sion. Largely  through  the  use  of  the  specification  sys- 
tem and  the  application  of  other  modern  business  prin- 
ciples, it  has  been  possible  to  improve  the  standards  of  all 


310  ILLINOIS 

staple  items  purchased,  so  that  the  per  capita  cost  of  feed- 
ing and  clothing  the  more  than  35,000  wards  of  the  State, 
as  shown  by  the  reports  of  the  Department  of  Public 
Welfare,  has  indicated  a  successive  decrease  during  each 
year  of  Governor  Small's  administration. 

By  volume  purchasing  in  this  day  of  large-scale  buy- 
ing, the  State,  by  consolidation  of  its  buying  power,  is 
passing  on  large  savings  to  the  taxpayers. 

Statistical  information  and  advance  market  forecasts 
compiled  and  furnished  by  the  Division,  have  proven  of 
immense  value  to  other  State  departments  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  their  requisitions  and  budgets,  effecting  further 
curtailment  of  expenditures. 

Thousands  of  dollars  have  been  saved  by  the  use 
of  modern  business  principles  in  the  operation  of  this 
Division.  A  few  of  these  savings  are  reflected  in  the 
average  prices  paid  during  1927  for  the  following  com- 
modities : 

Flour,  §6.67  a  barrel,  or  3.4  cents  a  pound ;  beef,  11 
cents  per  pound;  ham,  19.9  cents  a  pound;  bacon,  20.5 
cents  per  pound;  and  milk,  25.9  cents  a  gallon,  or  6.5 
cents  per  quart.  Only  the  best  grade  of  each  were  pur- 
chased. Specifications,  for  instance,  are  based  on  choice 
handpicked  navy  beans,  the  best  quality  of  Santos  coffee, 
92-score  butter,  and  so  on.  Coal,  not  including  freight, 
was  purchased  for  less  than  $2  per  ton.  Automobile  tires 
were  bought  at  15  to  20  per  cent  less  than  current  whole- 
sale prices. 


PROGRESS  3 1 1 


The  Department  of 
Conservation 

Gus  H.  Radebaugh,  Director 

AT  THE  beginning  of  the  Session  of  the  54th  Gen- 
eral Assembly,  Governor  Small  especially  urged,  in 
his  biennial  address,  the  creation  of  a  new  Depart- 
ment under  the  Civil  Administrative  Code,  to  be  known 
as  the  Department  of  Conservation,  which  would  take 
over  the  Division  of  Game  and  Fish  from  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  and  also  include  reforestation,  stream 
pollution,  and  other  important  rehabilitation  measures, 
relating  to  all  our  natural  resources. 

In  order  to  carry  to  a  successful  end  the  plan  as  sug- 
gested, a  Committee  was  appointed  by  the  President  of 
the  Senate  and  the  Speaker  of  the  House  and  the  result 
of  their  efforts  was  the  enactment  of  a  bill  creating  the 
Department  of  Conservation,  which  passed  both  the 
Senate  and  the  House  with  little  opposition  and  was 
approved  by  Governor  Small  June  3,  1925. 

According  to  the  law  under  which  it  operates,  the 
Department  of  Conservation  is  actively  engaged  in  the 
program  of  conservation,  distribution,  propagation  and 
restoration  of  fish,  mussels,  game,  frogs,  turtles,  wild 
animals,  wild  fowls  and  birds,  besides  the  promotion  of 
planting,  protecting  and  conservation  of  our  forests.  The 
Department  encourages  in  every  practicable  manner  the 
interest  in  fishing,  hunting  and  reforestation,  the  collec- 
tion of  statistics  relating  to  fish,  fowl  and  forest,  and  the 
dissemination  of  information  concerning  the  conservation 
of  fish,  forests  and  streams. 

The  Department  of  Conservation  law  anticipated 
with  foresight  the  importance  of  stream  sanitation  as  re- 
lated to  the  successful  propagation  of  fish  and  fowl.    The 


312  ILLINOIS 

law  specified  that  this  Department  shall  exercise  all  rights 
conferred  by  law,  take  such  measures  as  are  necessary  for 
the  investigation  and  the  prevention  of  pollution,  and 
encourage  such  sanitary  and  wholesome  conditions  in 
rivers,  lakes,  streams  and  other  waters  in  our  State  as  will 
promote,  protect  and  conserve  fish,  game  and  bird  life. 

The  Department  through  its  several  fish  hatcheries, 
fish  reclaiming  stations,  game  farms,  the  educational  ex- 
hibits at  fairs  and  expositions,  publication  of  instructive 
literature  covering  reforestation,  fish  culture  and  game 
raising  and  its  corps  of  experts  is  doing  much  to  bring 
to  the  taxpayers  of  the  State  a  direct  benefit,  not  only  for 
this  generation  but  for  posterity. 

In  less  than  four  years,  Governor  Small  and  his 
associates  have  seen  the  far-reaching  influence  of  their 
efforts  in  establishing  a  Department  which  has  contrib- 
uted so  much  to  the  future  wild  life  of  our  State.  A 
reference  to  the  organization  diagram  will  give  an 
opportunity  to  study  and  review  the  complete  and 
effective  control  the  Department  maintains  over  its  per- 
sonnel. Varied  activities  are  found  in  the  Department, 
and  to  secure  maximum  efficiency  a  definite  organization 
control  was  established.  It  is  interesting  to  observe  the 
number  of  influences  attacking  this  important  problem 
of  conserving  our  forest  and  aquatic  resources. 

The  following  tabulation  gives  the  executive  organ- 
ization effecting  this  Department: 

Gus  H.  Radebaugh Director 

Frank  E.  Abbey Assistant  Director 

R.  B.  Miller Chief  Forester 

S.  S.  Locke Assistant  Forester 

Bruce  L.  McKinstry Educational     and     Statistical 

Service 
Wm.  R.  Teece Aquatic  Biologist  and  Super- 
visor of  Fish  Hatcheries 

Glen  W.  Palmer Assistant  Supervisor  of  Fish 

Hatcheries 

C.  J.  McPhail Ornithologist  and  Supervisor 

of  Game  Farms 


PROGRESS  313 

BOARD    OF    FOREST    AND    AQUATIC    RESOURCES    AND 
CONSERVATION  ADVISORS 

O.  W.  Lehmann,  Chicago  Wm.  H.  Stuart,  Chicago 

Dana  Rollins,  Bloomington        H.  H.  Ferguson,  Alton. 
Robert  Scholes,  Peoria 

STATE  FISH  HATCHERIES 

Spring  Grove  Hatchery Thos.  McCafferty,  Supt. 

Mattoon  Hatchery   A.  H.  Wallace,  Supt. 

Kankakee  Hatchery Geo.  Watts,  Supt. 

Rockford  Hatchery Henry  Cassidy,  Supt. 

Yorkville  Hatchery  Glen  Palmer,  Supt. 

Wyanet  Hatchery James  Welsh,  Supt. 

Carlyle  Hatchery .Chas.  Foster,  Supt. 

East  St.  Louis  Hatchery A.  Alexander,  Supt. 

Lincoln  Park  Hatchery Floyd  S.  Young,  Supt. 

In  Construction: 

Geneseo  Hatchery 

Peoria  Hatchery  (Top  minnows  for  mosquito  eradication). 

FISH  RECLAIMING  STATIONS 

Meredosia  Station  (Illinois) Robert  Sparks,  Supt. 

Savanna  Station  (Mississippi) . .  J.  H.  Kilgore,  Supt. 

Havana  Station   (Illinois) H.  F.  Bell,  Supt. 

Anna  Station  (Mississippi) J.  E.  Thornton,  Supt. 

GAME  FARMS 

Yorkville  Pheasantry  C.  J.  McPhail,  Supt. 

Alton  Pheasantry V.  Davies,  Supt. 

AQUATIC  RESEARCH  LABORATORIES 

Meredosia  Bay Meredosia,  Illinois 

Horse  Shoe  Lake Cairo,  Illinois 

Mississippi  River Savanna,  Illinois 

ORNITHOLOGICAL  RESEARCH  LABORATORY 
Camden  Hollow  State  Game  Pre- 
serve   Grafton,  Illinois 


314  ILLINOIS 


GAME  REFUGES 

Horse  Shoe  Lake  (Cairo) C.  J.  Spencer,  Supt. 

Oquawka Gus  Chilberg,  Supt. 

Upper  Mississippi  Wild  Life 
Refuge  (Federal  Control) W.  T.  Cox,  Supt. 

Camden  Hollow  State  Game  Pre- 
serve (Grafton)   H.  Bonds,  Supt. 

PUBLIC  SHOOTING  GROUNDS 

Woodford  County  Preserve J.  E.  Strauch,  Preserve 

Warden 
Sparland  . . W.  S.  Osborne,  Preserve 

Warden 

DISTRICT  INSPECTORS 

Protection — Vermin  Control — Winter  Feeding 

Logan  Baker,  Pittsfield 
Roy   L.    Phelps,    Beards- 
town 
C.  E.  Huff,  Danville. 
G.  W.  Watts,  Kankakee 
Henry  J.  Schmidt,  Nash- 
ville. 
Earl  Brannon,  Equality 
J.  D.  Becker,  Evansville 


The  accomplishments  of  the  Department  of  Con- 
servation, during  its  short  period  of  operation,  have  been 
most  gratifying  and  are  so  extensive  as  to  bring  Illinois 
into  second  place  in  conservation  work  in  the  United 
States.  Besides  the  work  already  done  by  the  Depart- 
ment, its  policy  has  been  so  formulated  that  a  foundation 
is  being  laid  for  even  greater  results  in  the  future.  Dur- 
ing its  last  two  sessions,  the  General  Assembly  has  recog- 
nized and  shown  its  approval  of  the  necessity  of  preserv- 
ing our  game  and  insectivorous  bird  life  as  an  indispens- 
able adjunct  to  profitable  agricultural  production. 

Splendid  Cooperation 

Sportsmen  of  Illinois  are  to  be  commended  for  the 
splendid  cooperation  which  they  have  generously  given  to 


1. 

William    A.    Merrill,    Chi- 

8. 

cago 

9. 

2. 

Charles     Eldredge,     Rich- 

mond. 

10. 

3. 

Stephen  Rigney,  Freeport 

11. 

4. 

Charles  M.  Myers,  Oregon 

12. 

5. 

Adam  S.  Clow,  Plainfield 

6. 

Herbert  Landauer,  Peoria 

13. 

7. 

Gus  Chilberg,  New  Wind- 

14. 

PROGRESS 


315 


C£A/T/?AL. 


2Toa/£: 


State  of 

Illinois 
Dept.  of   Conservation 

C0AtS£tfl/AT/0A/  £/ST/?/CTS\  No.  14* 


316 


ILLINOIS 


i*^:^yifr 


Illinois  buffalo  and   carp   destined  for   eastern   markets 


these  efforts  through  their  leagues  and  other  organiza- 
tions; and  it  is  hoped  that  this  same  support  will  be  ex- 
tended by  every  hunter  and  fisherman,  so  that  the  streams 
and  fields  of  the  State  may  be  replenished  at  the  earliest 
possible  time. 

In  the  enforcement  of  the  game  and 'fish  code,  the 
Department  exerts  every  effort  to  secure  and  has  gen- 
erally received  the  most  sincere  cooperation  from  all  law- 
enforcing  agencies  in  the  State.    The  Department  appre- 
ciates that  without  the  aid  of  the  Courts  and  others  en- 
trusted with  the  administration  of  the  law,  the  Depart- 
ment is  helpless  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  the 
Courts  and  m  bringing  to  justice  the  violators  of  the  law 
Public  attitude  has  changed  considerably  during  the  past 
several  years  and  the  work  of  the  field  investigators  of 
the  Department  has  been  much  encouraged  by  assistance 
given  to  them  by  an  interested  public.    This  condition  is 
due  to  the  high  ideals  promoted  by  the  various  Nature- 


1 


PROGRESS 


317 


Flights  of  banded  ducks  at  two  concentrated  centers,  Bear 

River  marshes,  Utah,  and  Illinois  River  marshes 

loving  organizations  in  the  State,  such  as  the  Izaak  Wal- 
ton League  and  other  sister  organizations.  In  order  to 
increase  the  efficiency  of  the  Department,  the  State  has 
been  divided  into  fourteen  conservation  districts,  each 
district  being  supervised  by  an  inspector.  Each  inspector 
has  district  investigators  under  him  for  carrying  on  the 
protection  of  game  and  fish,  the  enforcement  of  laws, 
vermin  control,  and  the  feeding  of  game  during  the  win- 
ter.    One  of  the  maps  herewith  shows  the  conservation 


318 


ILLINOIS 


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^.CSACO    .BOOMt|Mc    HCN«)j 

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Savanna     "" *— 


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Kankakee 


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DEVELOPMENTS        r""130"! 
DEPARTMENT  (  \—A 

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CONSERVATION,     /^k    _,        I_clinton 

192©        /3^iF.-psr L0!y.   ,         r  fe 

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-  LEGEND  - 

&t    MATCHERIE& 

P     Game    Tarm& 

£     Fish   Rescue   Stations 

Public  Shooting- 
grounds 

Game     Refuoes 


Map  showing:  property  developments  of  the  Department  of 
Conservation 


PROGRESS 


319 


Map  Showing  V 
Distribution   of 
Restocking  Fish 
By  The 
Dept.  of  Conservation 

SPRING    OF  1928 


•  -Shows    no.   op    deliveries 


Map   showing   the   distribution   of  fish   to   the   various   countiea 
of  the  State 


320 


ILLINOIS 


!  ! 

416       i       323         !      439 


HCN     I?    V-l  L    A     K     C, 

638      i   442 


f)     3031 

195  r f 

a  n  c  |  I 


TOTAL     DELIVERED 

Northern  zone      19, 5391     /^®  L|  gas 
Central,  zone      ll,0©6/__ 

Southern  zone       ©,125/  |       """ r»l« 

Total  —  36,750^  J?**  J,  L     *e?      I^l          >=SM   ■ 

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PHEASANT    EGG 
DISTRIBUTION 
BY    COUNTIES 

spring-  i9ae> 

BY   THE 

State    Dept.   of  Conservation 


|rlAMII_TOnjw  H    I    T 

) i    *°&   i I — 


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SALI«E|S' 

488 '   260 

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Map  of  State  showing  pheasant  egg  distribution  by  counties 


PROGRESS 


321 


5us      H.  HAD 
COMPARISON   Of    YEAWLV     DEPARTMENT 

VIQLATLQM 


riJCAL  YEARS  OP     VMKV-23 


ITA.TE 
DEPARTMENT) 


OF     ILLINOIS 
Or  CONSERVAfTIi 

;BAU6H,   DlRE^- 

INCOMt    PROM  ALI 

Ecia_ — 


1925- 

VEfVR    4JUUV   \V  hO    JUNE!  SOW 


26 


1926- £7 


SB 


Hzj.-'^.i^B 


3.2  o/4  DECREASE 


PRECEDING   VE 


y0    INCREASE     O 


lOO.OOO. 


Chart  showing  comparative  revenue  collected  by  the  Department 
during1  the  past  four  years 


districts  in  the  State.  If  Illinois  is  to  take  advantage  of 
her  recreational  facilities,  it  is  of  paramount  importance 
that  the  game  and  fish  code  be  enforced.  A  few  profes- 
sional violators  should  not  prevent  our  various  communi- 
ties from  increasing  that  business  received  from  tourists 
and  people  seeking  recreation  that  are  sure  to  come  if  fish 
and  game  are  available.  It  is  the  opinion  of  Governor 
Small  and  the  Director  of  the  Department  that  we  as 
citizens  have  paid  too  little  attention  to  the  importance  of 
the  enforcement  of  the  game  and  fish  code,  as  it  is  closely 
related  to  the  establishment  of  a  large  State-wide  busi- 
ness that  is  being  lost  to  our  State  each  year  by  vacation- 
ists spending  their  money  elsewhere.  The  release  of  a 
defendant  found  guilty  without  payment  of  the  fine 
assessed  is  a  practice  that  should  be  discouraged,  as  this 
kind  of  activity  invites  other  violations.  Courts  and  all 
invested  with  the  authority  of  the  law  are  sincerely  urged 
to  collect  all  fines  assessed.  Only  in  this  way  can  the 
Courts  and  the  Department  escape  well-deserved  criticism. 


322  ILLINOIS 

Illinois  Ranks  First 
Illinois  ranks  first  among  the  inland  states  as  a  fish- 
producing  state.  The  Mississippi  River  bordering  the 
State  its  entire  length  on  the  west  boundary,  the  Ohio 
for  a  distance  of  130  miles  and  the  Wabash  for  148  miles 
and  also  the  Illinois  River,  Lake  Michigan  and  other  in- 
land lakes,  afford  extensive  breeding  grounds  for  fish  and 
aquatic  life.  It  is  reported  by  Dr.  S.  A.  Forbes  that  about 
three  dozen  of  the  150  species  of  Illinois  fish  have  a 
marketable  value  as  food.  It  is  regrettable  that  the  Illi- 
nois River,  once  the  most  prolific  fish-producing  stream, 
with  possibly  one  exception  in  the  United  States,  is  not 
producing  the  fish  it  should  above  Peoria,  due  to  its 
polluted  condition.  The  Illinois  River  is  the  most  im- 
portant fishing  ground  within  the  boundaries  of  Illinois 
and  every  effort  should  be  made  to  restore  this  stream  to 
its  natural  fish-producing  ability,  maintaining  an  industry 
of  approximately  one  to  two  million  dollars  annually. 

Fish  Hatchery  Program  Enlarged 

Governor  Small  and  the  54th  General  Assembly 
greatly  enlarged  the  power  of  the  Department  of  Con- 
servation by  the  passage  of  Senate  Bill  422.  Under  the 
provisions  of  this  bill,  the  Department  is  authorized  to 
select  and  purchase  or  lease,'  receive  by  donation  or 
acquire  in  accordance  with  the  laws  relative  to  eminent 
domain,  suitable  submerged  lands  for  the  breeding,  hatch- 
ing, propagation  and  conservation  of  fish. 

The  law  further  provides  that  any  municipal  corpora- 
tion, by  proper  instrument  of  conveyance  executed  by  the 
corporate  authorities,  may  convey  to  the  State  of  Illinois, 
by  way  of  sale,  lease  or  gift,  lands  or  any  other  property 
to  be  used  by  the  Department  of  Conservation  for  the 
construction,  establishment  and  maintenance  of  fish  pre- 
serves and  hatcheries. 

Another  very  important  law  enacted  by  the  54th 
General  Assembly  gives  the  Department  of  Conservation 
power  and  authority  to  select  and  purchase  or  lease,  re- 


PROGRESS  323 

ceive  by  donation  or  acquire,  in  accordance  with  the  laws 
relating  to  eminent  domain, 

(1)  Suitable  lands  for  the  propagation  and  conserva- 
tion of  game  birds,  wild  animals,  and  song  or  insectivor- 
ous birds,  or 

(2)  Lands  to  be  used  as  public  shooting  and  fishing 
grounds. 

The  enactment  of  the  new  law  permitted  the  carry- 
ing out  of  a  real  constructive  policy  by  the  Department 
and  the  installation  of  hatcheries,  bass  ponds  and  pre- 
serves in  various  sections  of  the  State,  enlarging  the  work 
of  propagation  and  distribution  while  reducing  the  cost 
of  transportation  of  stock  fish. 

This  law  is  a  splendid  piece  of  constructive  legisla- 
tion and  has  vastly  increased  the  activities  of  the  Depart- 
ment. It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  all  expenditures 
for  lands  and  the  equipment  of  hatcheries,  as  well  as  the 
maintenance  of  the  same,  is  entirely  met  by  the  sale  of 
I  licenses  issued  by  the  Department,  and  that  no  cost  for 
anything  connected  with  the  Department  comes  from 
taxes  paid  by  the  people. 

More  Fish  for  Lakes  and  Rivers 

Concentrated  effort  of  the  Department  personnel  has 
been  directed  towards  the  propagation  and  reclamation 
of  the  fish  in  the  lakes  and  streams  of  the  State.     At 
present  nine  hatcheries  are  in  operation  under  the  De- 
partment's   control    and    two    are    under    construction, 
|  located  at  Geneseo  and  near  Peoria.    These  two  hatcheries 
!  will  soon  be  active  in  the  work  of  raising  fish  for  distri- 
bution throughout  the  State.     The  hatchery  at  Peoria  is 
to  be  used  for  the  propagation  of  top  minnows  used  in 
mosquito  eradication  work,  and  the  other  usual  game  fish. 
This  is  a  departure  from  the  usual  activities  of  the  De- 
partment.    The  hatcheries  are  of  the  most  modern  type 
and  annually  produce  millions  of  fish  which  are  used  to 
restock  the  rivers  and  lakes.    Those  now  in  operation  are 


324 


ILLINOIS 


Hatchery  at  Kankakee  State  Hospital 


East    St.    Louis 


Hat    hery,    a    natural    spawning    ground    for    the 
gamey  bass 


PROGRESS  325 


located  at  Spring  Grove,  Mattoon,  Kankakee,  Rockford, 
Yorkville,  Wyanet,  Carlyle,  East  St.  Louis,  and  Lincoln 
Park. 

KANKAKEE  HATCHERY 

On  a  ten-acre  tract  of  land  controlled  by  the  State 
Hospital  at  Kankakee,  is  to  be  found  one  of  the  fish 
hatcheries  of  the  State  Department  of  Conservation. 

Although  needing  control  measures  for  the  holding 
|  of  fish  in  the  hatchery,  the  possibilities  of  the  preserve 
are  considered  among  the  most  promising  in  the  State. 

A  dam  150  feet  long  impounds  the  water  of  the 
pond,  and  cut  into  this  dike  are  two  spillways.  The  dam 
was  built  across  a  small  creek  emptying  into  the  Kankakee 
River. 

This  hatchery  has  a  beautiful  setting,  well  suited  for 
the  rehabilitation  and  pleasure  of  the  patients  of  the  hos- 
pital located  at  Kankakee. 

EAST  ST.  LOUIS  HATCHERY 

More  than  500,000  fish  a  year  can  be  produced  in  the 
fish  hatchery  of  the  State  Department  of  Conservation 
located  at  East  St.  Louis,  Illinois. 

Last  year,  18,000  fish,  mostly  crappie,  were  taken 
from  the  ponds.  It  has  been  estimated  that  full  capacity 
operation  of  the  project  would  return  half-a-million  fish 
yearly  into  Illinois  streams  and  lakes. 

The  preserve  is  situated  on  the  southeast  edge  of 
East  St.  Louis,  consisting  of  23  acres  of  land  and  water, 
one  acre  of  State-owned  land  and  22  acres  of  land  and 
water  owned  by  the  East  St.  Louis  Park  Board.  This 
acreage  is  donated  to  the  State  with  the  understanding 
:hat  it  will  be  exploited  in  the  interest  of  fish. 

In  two  large  rearing  ponds  covering  an  area  of  ap- 
proximately 13  acres,  the  fish  are  bred  yearly.  The  ponds 
are  supplied  by  a  110-foot  well,  from  which  water  is 
Dumped  into  them  by  an  electric  500-gallon  pump.  Oppor- 
:unity  for  the  extension  of  the  work  is  possible  since 
ground  can  be  obtained  necessary  for  the  establishment 
3f  another  pond. 


326 


ILLINOIS 


Carlyle    Hatchery,    a    beautiful    recreation    spot 


Rockford  Hatchery  which  will  produce  8,000,000  fish  in  1928 


PROGRESS  327 

CARLYLE   HATCHERY 

In  the  historic  Kaskaskia  country,  near  the  town  of 
Carlyle  in  Clinton  county,  one  of  the  finest  fish  hatcheries 
of  the  State  Department  of  Conservation  is  located,  the 
Carlyle  Hatchery. 

Yearly,  thousands  upon  thousands  of  bass,  crappie, 
and  several  other  species  of  game  fish  are  raised  here  to 
be  distributed  to  the  rivers  of  Illinois. 

More  than  20  acres  of  ground  comprise  the  hatchery, 
which  is  about  200  feet  from  the  Kaskaskia  River. 

The  preserve  was  established  four  years  ago,  and 
the  Department  started  the  raising  of  the  fish  in  a 'large 
pond.  In  1926,  a  smaller  pond  was  made  and  stocked 
with  various  species  of  fish. 

Distribution  of  the  fish  is  accomplished  by  a  large 
spillway,  over  which  the  fish  go  in  high  water  and  reach 
a  third  pond  about  200  feet  west  of  the  rearing  grounds. 
This  third  pond  is  in  the  river  bottom  and  the  fish  are 
freed  when  the  river  overflows.  This  method  of  natural 
release  of  the  fish  is  described  as  an  "exceptionally  effi- 
cient one"  by  fish  experts.  A  "rescue  pond"  shortly 
down  the  river  provides  a  haven  for  fish  trapped  in 
sloughs  along  the  river.  It  is  approximately  two  acres 
in  area. 

The  grounds  comprise  two  rearing  ponds  nearly 
three  acres  in  size,  with  an  extreme  depth  of  about  ten 
feet.  A  quarter-mile  dike  serves  to  impound  the  waters 
of  the  preserve,  which  are  fed  by  adequate  springs. 

ROCKFORD  HATCHERY 

Eight  miles  northwest  of  the  city  of  Rockford,  30 
acres  of  land  owned  by  the  State  Department  of  Con- 
servation are  to  be  found.  Here  in  18  acres  of  water 
the  work  of  the  Department  in  providing  fish  for  the 
myriad  Illinois  sportsmen  along  the  Rock  River  goes 
ahead  yearly  in  three  large  ponds,  separated  by  dikes  and 
fed  by  large,  bubbling  springs  located  west  of  the  hatch- 
ery. 


328 


ILLINOIS 


The  newly  developed  Hatchery  at  Wyanet 


Mattoon  Hatchery,  placed  in  operation  in  1928 


PROGRESS  329 

For  output,  the  hatchery  ranks  with  the  largest  in 
Illinois.  Four  years  ago,  the  land  was  purchased  and 
improvements  begun.  The  following  year,  3,000,000  fish 
were  removed  from  the  hatchery,  and  last  year  efficient 
methods  had  increased  the  output  nearly  300  per  cent 
to  8,000,000  bass,  blue  gills,  and  crappies.  More  than 
400  breeding  bass  are  to  be  found  in  the  pools  now. 

WYANET  HATCHERY 

Several  hundred  thousand  "firigerlings,"  the  off- 
springs of  mature  fish,  will  be  hatched  this  year  in  the 
Wyanet  Hatchery  of  the  State  Department  of  Conserva- 
tion, located  a  mile  west  of  the  town  of  Wyanet  and  south 
of  the  Illinois-Mississippi  Canal. 

In  two  large  pools,  one  approximately  eight  acres 
in  size  and  the  other  about  two  acres,  400  bass  and  5,000 
pan  fish,  or  more  commonly  the  blue  gills,  crappies,  perch 
and  sunfish,  are  being  bred  this  year.  It  is  estimated  that 
these  fish  will  produce  several  hundred  thousand  finger- 
lings  by  the  fall  of  1928. 

The  output  this  year  will  be  the  first  test  of  the 
hatchery's  capacity,  the  project  being  established  late  in 
1927.  The  entire  preserve  comprises  17y2  acres  of  prop- 
erty, all  of  which  is  fenced  for  protection  and  accessible 
by  an  excellent  gravel  road.  The  water  for  the  project 
is  supplied  from  the  adjoining  canal  through  a  main, 
valve-controlled.  A  screened  concrete  culvert  and  drive 
separate  the  two  ponds. 

MATTOON  HATCHERY 

Illinois'  most  promising  fish  hatchery  is  to  be  found 
in  a  20-acre  project  of  the  State  Department  of  Con- 
servation five  miles  south  of  Mattoon,  near  Paradise  Lake 
in  Coles  County. 

Two  thousand  feet  of  dikes  impound  the  water  of 
ponds  extending  over  an  area  of  nearly  six  acres.  Despite 
the  excellent  breeding  grounds,  but   150  bass  and  400 


330 


ILLINOIS 


Spring1  Grove  Hatchery,  largest  and  most  complete  in  the 
United  States 


Rescuing  fish  from  the  backwaters  of  the  Illinois  River 


PROGRESS  331 

crappie  have  been  placed  within  the  project,  and  it  is 
estimated  that  50,000  bass  and  a  proportionately  large 
number  of  crappie  fingerlings  will  be  hatched  by  the  fall 
of  1928. 

The  transformation  of  the  hatchery  into  an  attrac- 
tive project  was  accomplished  this  spring  when  15,000 
white  pine,  green  ash,  and  tulip  poplar  trees  were  planted 
within  the  preserve  by  the  Division  of  Forestry.  The 
growth  of  these  trees  in  later  years  is  expected  to  make 
the  hatchery  one  of  the  Department's  most  attractive 
projects. 

SPRING  GROVE  HATCHERY 

Eleven  million  fish  from  35  acres  of  fish  hatchery 
is  the  record  attained  by  the  Spring  Grove  Hatchery 
of  the  State  Department  of  Conservation  near  the  city  of 
Spring  Grove,  Illinois,  in  McHenry  county. 

The  hatchery  is  virtually  the  largest  one  in  the  State. 
Twenty-two  acres  of  land  are  under  water,  thus  provid- 
ing adequate  breeding  grounds  for  the  fish.  Yearly, 
10,000,000  bass,  1,000,000  perch,  1,000,000  crappie, 
1,500,000  blue  gills  and  7,000,000  trout  are  produced. 

In  this  hatchery,  four  ponds,  one  huge  pool  of  18 
acres  and  the  remaining  three  dividing  up  the  other  four 
acres,  have  been  constructed.  Upon  this  hatchery,  the 
State  has  centered  its  greatest  attention,  making  it  the 
finest  in  Illinois  and  one  of  the  best  in  America. 

A  huge  hatchery  building,  where  the  7,000,000  trout 
are  produced  artificially  each  year,  the  garage,  workshop, 
and  four  small  concrete  storage  ponds,  in  addition  to  the 
huge  breeding  pools,  are  to  be  found  on  the  preserve. 

Under  efficient  management,  the  hatchery  yearly  pro- 
duces approximately  twenty  million  fish,  with  a  larger 
capacity  possible  if  an  extension  of  the  work  is  desired.    , 

It  was  upon  this  project  that  a  State  educational 
film  was  developed,  covering  the  operation  of  the 
hatchery. 


332 


ILLINOIS 


flfllp 


V' ' 


*#W 


51^ 


::f^--V>:: 


.  ■  V  <w:c 


Bottomland  timber,   largely   sycamore,   suitable  for   crates  and 
berry  boxes.      (Southern  Illinois  ) 


P ROCK ESS  333 

Reclamation  of  Fish 

Whenever  ponds  or  streams  are  reported  to  be  suf- 
fering from  drouth,  the  district  inspector  of  this  Depart- 
ment dispatches  rescue  crews  to  take  the  fish  from  these 
places  and  place  them  in  the  nearest  available  body  of 
water,  so  that  they  may  continue  to  live  and  propagate. 
During  the  last  several  years,  more  than  500  carloads  of 
fish  have  been  so  transferred  from  drainage  districts, 
and  from  streams  and  ponds  that  are  drying  up,  and  thus 
have  been  saved  for  the  people  of  Illinois.  A  special 
railway  car  is  used  by  the  Department  for  this  wwrk.  Its 
capacity  is  approximately  200,000  fingerlings  or  approx- 
imately 10,000  adult  fish  in  one  load.  Fish  rescue  sta- 
tions are  maintained  at  Meredosia,  Savanna,  Havana  and 
Ann.  A  reference  to  the  map  on  page  322  shows  the 
distribution  of  fish  by  this  Department  to  the  various 
counties. 

SAVANNA   FISH   RESCUE   STATION 

Along  the  channels  of  the  Mississippi,  into  hidden 
lagoons  and  bayous  and  sluggish  sloughs,  a  couple  of 
men  in  an  improvised  motor  boat  travel  weekly.  They 
represent  the  State  Department  of  Conservation  and  their 
mission  is  to  rescue  the  fish  of  the  Mississippi. 

Operating  from  the  Savanna  Fish  Rescue  Station  of 
the  Department,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River  bank 
near  the  city  of  Savanna,  Illinois,  the  main  headquarters 
of  the  work  is  to  be  found. 

Here  men  employed  by  the  Department  scout  the 
river  daily,  seeking  to  preserve  the  fish  of  the  river.  In 
the  backwaters  and  sloughs,  fish  frequently  become  "lost" 
and  trapped.  Unable  to  return  to  the  river,  thousands 
of  them  would  perish  yearly  were  it  not  for  the  efforts 
of  the  Department. 

In  an  old  motorboat,  the  men  search  these  death- 
traps to  find  the  lost  fish.  Removing  them  from  the  veri- 
table prisons,  the  Department  workers  release  them  into 
the  Mississippi  again,  thus  saving  the  fish  population  of 
the  State  by  many  thousands  during  the  course  of  a  year. 


334  ILLINOIS 

Extensive  new  equipment  is  badly  needed  by  the 
station  to  carry  on  its  activities  on  the  broad  scale  neces- 
sary, and  plans  for  the  rejuvenation  of  the  station  are 
being  considered. 

MEREDOSIA  FISH  RESCUE  STATION 

This  was  once  a  Federal  fish  rescue  or  reclamation 
station,  along  the  lines  of  that  at  Savanna.  It  is  located 
on  Meredosia  Bay,  an  expansion  of  the  Illinois  River 
noted  for  its  fine  fishing  and  hunting.  There  is  a  very 
complete  equipment  of  buildings,  boats,  seines,  trucks, 
etc.,  for  carrying  on  the  work  of  fish  rescue  in  this  very 
important  region.  Storage  or  retaining  tanks  are  supplied 
with  pure  running  water,  which  enables  fish  to  be  handled 
with  a  minimum  of  loss  and  to  be  kept  until  they  can 
be  transferred  by  trucks  to  the  lakes  and  streams  in  need 
of  restocking.  The  surrounding  grounds  are  well  shaded 
and  the  superintendent  and  his  capable  assistants  are 
always  on  the  alert  to  answer  questions  about  their  work. 
There  is  also  a  house  boat  which  can  be  used  by  Depart- 
ment officials  during  the  fishing  and  hunting  seasons. 

MUSSEL  FISHERIES  IN  ILLINOIS 

In  Illinois  the  economic  value  of  the  mussel  fisheries 
to  the  State  has  been  too  little  known  and  appreciated. 
For  this  reason,  Governor  Small  has  encouraged  every 
action  of  the  Department  of  Conservation  in  its  effort 
to  return  to  Illinois  the  shelling  industry  that  has  been  so 
seriously  neglected.  For  the  protection  of  its  mussel 
fisheries  which  should  amount  to  an  annual  business  of 
approximately  $300,000  in  the  raw  material,  this  admin- 
istration has  encouraged  the  passage  of  laws  stipulating 
the  methods  of  catch,  size  limit,  and  a  protective  closure 
scheme  which  may  become  effective  at  the  discretion  of 
the  Department  of  Conservation.  This  provides  for  the 
closing  of  any  stream  or  parts  of  streams  in  the  State  for 
a  period  of  years.    An  agreement  with  the  State  of  Iowa 


PROGRESS  335 

and  the  State  of  Illinois  through  the  respective  Conserva- 
tion Departments  has  closed  and  opened  sections  on  the 
Mississippi  River  affecting  musseling.  The  river  is  divid- 
I  ed  into  thirteen  ten-mile  areas  or  sections,  these  areas 
alternating  at  five-year  cycles.  The  open  areas  on  the 
Mississippi  River  at  the  present  time  are  as  follows : 
Bellevue  to  Sabula,  Clinton  to  Princeton,  Bettendorf  to 
Buffalo,  Muscatine  to  Point  Louisa,  New  Boston  to 
Keithsburg,  Oquawka  to  Burlington.  The  Rock  River 
was  closed  against  musseling  in  January,  1926,  for  a  five- 
year  period.  This  ruling  of  the  Department  was  made 
not  only  to  protect  fish  life  in  this  wonderful  scenic 
stream,  but  also  to  give  the  mussel  beds  time  to  recover 
from  a  rapidly  diminishing  supply  of  mussels.  The  work 
of  the  Department  to  aid  the  pearl  button  industry  has 
been  greatly  helped  by  the  United  States  Bureau  of 
Biological  Survey.  It  has  been  a  pleasure  for  this  De- 
partment to  cooperate  with  the  Federal  agency  in  the 
propagation  and  protection  of  the  mussels.  Accomplish- 
ments of  gigantic  magnitude  to  the  button  industry  can 
be  brought  about  by  an  intelligent  constructive  program 
in  the  protecting  and  propagation  of  the  mussel.  Loyal 
cooperation  has  existed  between  the  Department  and  the 
river  men  active  in  this  work. 

Governor  Small  Protects  Trappers 

Great  injustice  has  been  done  trappers  by  irre- 
sponsible "green  hide"  buyers  in  the  past  and  in  order 
to  correct  the  abuses  to  this  splendid  and  growing  in- 
dustry, three  new  sections  were  added  to  the  Game  Code 
during  the  54th  General  Assembly,  which  it  is  believed 
will  drive  the  itinerant  fur  shark  out  of  the  field  and  put 
the  business  in  the  hands  of  responsible  buyers  under  the 
direct  supervision  of  the  Department  and  its  agents. 

If  You  Want  Game,  Control  Vermin 

The  crow  and  the  blackbird  do  more  destruction  than 
is  generally  believed.  They  not  only  kill  the  young  birds 
but  the  eggs  of  all  birds  are  the  natural  food  for  crows 


336  ILLINOIS 

and  blackbirds.  The  toll  of  the  blackbird  and  crow  ex- 
ceeds the  number  of  game  birds  killed  by  all  the  sportsmen 
combined.  Campaigns  for  killing  crows  and  blackbirds 
are  encouraged  by  this  Department  at  all  times,  and  every 
effort  should  be  made  by  sportsmen,  and  farmers  as  well. 
to  rid  the  country  of  these  greatest  enemies  of  game,  song 
and  insectivorous  birds.  The  ordinary  house  cat  is  also 
one  of  the  great  destroyers  of  bird  life.  When  allowed 
to  run,  the  house  cat  will  meander  over  a  territory  of  ten 
to  fifteen  miles  during  the  night  in  search  of  young  quail, 
pheasants  and  other  young  birds,  and  the  loss  of  these 
birds  by  cats  in  every  part  of  the  State  is  enormous. 
Campaigns  are  on  in  many  states  to  exterminate  the 
meandering  cat. 

The  Challenge  of  the  Migratory  Bird 

Governor  Small  and  his  associates  assumed  the 
challenge  of  the  wild  water  fowl  in  their  fight  for  ex- 
istence. The  necessity  for  establishing  migratory  bird 
refuges  is  appreciated  by  every  student  and  hunter  of 
these  birds.  Illinois  in  the  past  few  years  has  accepted 
this  challenge  and  has  established  four  State-owned 
refuges  along  the  Illinois  and  Mississippi  Rivers,  with  a 
total  of  approximately  5,000  acres  of  land  and  water.  It 
is  not  generally  appreciated  by  Illinois  citizens  that  the 
Mississippi  and  Illinois  River  marshes  afford  the  largest 
retreat  for  migratory  birds  anywhere  in  the  United  States. 

Canada  has  done  much  to  meet  its  obligation  as  de- 
fined under  the  treaty  between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain  for  the  protection  of  the  birds  that  migrate 
between  these  two  adjoining  countries.  Canada  has  estab- 
lished eighty-nine  refuges  covering  an  area  of  1,500 
square  miles  of  land  and  water.  The  Bureau  of  Biological 
Survey  in  Washington  controls  existing  Federal  refuges 
covering  approximately  450,000  acres  or  700  square 
miles.  The  Federal-controlled  Upper  Mississippi  Wild 
Life  Fish  and  Game  Refuge  has  approximately  41,000 
acres  of  land  and  water  in  Illinois.  Its  location  in  Illinois 
is  from  Rock  Island  north  to  the  State  line.    This  tract  is 


PROGRESS  337 

the  greatest  highway  for  migratory  birds  in  America. 
The  Illinois  River  marsh  region  is  recorded  by  the  United 
States  Biological  Survey  as  constituting  the  most  import- 
ant concentration  center  for  migratory  birds  in  the  United 
States.  The  Federal  Survey  banded  6,000  ducks  and 
several  hundred  of  these  have  been  recovered.  A  refer- 
ence to  the  accompanying  map,  will  show  the  results  of 
travel  of  these  birds.  Only  the  outlying  points  of  recov- 
ery are  recorded.  Sportsmen  from  east,  west,  and  the 
south,  journey  to  the  supreme  hunting  ground  along  the 
Illinois  and  Mississippi  Rivers  for  their  annual  duck 
hunting.  All  hunting  activities  are  directly  controlled  by 
the  game  code  and  are  closely  guarded  by  this  Depart- 
ment. The  field  representatives  of  the  Department  of 
Conservation  are  doing  much  to  support  Governor  Small 
and  the  Director  of  the  Department  in  their  desire  to 
develop  more  honest  sports  for  the  greatest  number  of 
people. 

More  Public  Shooting  and  Fishing  Grounds 
The  Department  has  given  its  support  to  a  movement 
for  the  acquisition  of  public  shooting  and  fishing  grounds 
where  the  people  of  the  State  may  hunt,  fish,  camp,  and 
enjoy  themselves  in  preserves  unequalled  by  any  in  the 
middle  west.  To  that  end,  a  bill  was  passed  by  the  recent 
General  Assembly  authorizing  a  bond  issue  of  twenty 
million  dollars  for  the  purchase  of  such  lands.  It  is 
planned  to  retire  these  bonds  from  license  fees  received 
from  the  sportsmen.  It  will  be  voted  on  by  the  people 
at  a  referendum  in  the  1928  election,  and  is  being  en- 
thusiastically supported  by  Illinois  sportsmen  and  all 
friends  of  conservation. 

OQUAWKA  GAME  REFUGE 

About  200  acres  of  land,  skirting  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi  River  six  miles  north  of  Oquawka,  comprises 
one  of  the  State  Department  of  Conservation's  game 
refuges. 


338 


ILLINOIS 


Large  group  of  ringneck  breeding-  hens  and  cock  pheasants 


Horse  Shoe  Lake,   Southern  Illinois'  new  game  and  fish  refuge 


PROGRESS  339 

Here  in  this  land,  half  bottomland  timber  lying  be- 
tween a  slough  and  the  Mississippi  and  half  sandy  up- 
land populated  by  a  scrubby  growth  of  oak,  nature's  wild 
life  roams  free  and  undisturbed,  protected  by  the  De- 
partment. 

Purchased  two  years  ago,  the  tract  has  laid  undis- 
turbed until  this  spring,  when  20  acres  of  sandy  land 
along  a  nearby  highway  was  planted  to  white  pine.  A 
fence  and  fire  line  about  the  preserve  offer  a  protection 
to  the  plantation. 

Under  the  supervision  of  Gus  H.  Radebaugh,  Di- 
rector of  the  Department,  plans  are  under  way  to  im- 
prove, develop  and  further  protect  this  State  preserve. 
The  plans  to  be  followed  have  not  been  definitely  decided 
upon  by  Mr.  Radebaugh,  but  it  is  anticipated  that  a  gen- 
eral conservation  scheme  will  be  worked  out  shortly. 

HORSE  SHOE  LAKE  FISH  AND  GAME 
REFUGE 

Here  in  the  south,  we  have  something  different,  3,100 
acres  of  virgin  cypress  swamps,  an  island,  and  flooded 
bottoms  of  tupelo  gum — a  type  fast  vanishing  in  Illinois, 
worthy  of  saving  for  future  generations.  As  one  author 
says,  "In  the  heart  of  a  cypress  country,  the  feeling  comes 
to  me  that  I  am  in  another  world,  a  world  of  millions  of 
years  ago,  and  that  all  around  me  are  the  ghosts  of  long- 
vanished  things,  belonging  to  that  far-off,  unknown,  and 
unknowable  time." 

The  cypress  is  among  the  most  ancient  of  our  native 
trees,  a  survival  from  an  earlier  age,  when  these  dense 
forests  covered  great  areas  of  North  America.  Without 
a  few  sample  tracts  like  this  in  our  State,  we  would  be 
compelled  to  go  to  Louisiana  to  see  the  cypress  trees  and 
the  "knees"  thrusting  themselves  above  the  surface  of 
the  water  to  take  in  air. 

Not  only  good  fishing  may  be  found  in  this  old  ox- 
bow lake  shown  herewith,  but  in  the  fall  and  spring  and 
even  all  winter,  will  be  found  ducks  and  Canada  geese, 


340  ILLINOIS 

which,  like  those  on  Jack  Miner's  Ontario  preserve,  know 
that  here  they  can  be  safe  for  a  period  before  winging 
their  way  south  or  north  with  the  call  of  the  seasons. 
Corn  can  be  provided  for  them  on  the  farming  land  on 
the  island,  with  plenty  of  cover  and  shelter,  because  the 
island  if  left  for  a  few  years,  soon  returns  to  forest.  A 
purple  buckeye,  new  to  the  State,  has  been  recently  found 
here  by  the  Chief  Forester  of  the  Department.  The 
American  lotus  also  occurs  and  can  be  favored  by 
maintaining  the  proper  water  level  of  the  overflow  lands. 

WOODFORD  COUNTY  AND  SPARLAND 
PUBLIC  SHOOTING  GROUNDS 

Two  properties  may  be  listed  under  the  heading  of 
Public  Shooting  Grounds,  one  the  Woodford  County 
Preserve,  of  1,721  acres,  which  is  across  the  Illinois  River 
from  Rome,  Illinois,  the  tract  having  been  formerly 
known  as  the  Rome  View  Drainage  District.  It  repre- 
sents the  first  example  of  the  State's  taking  over  this  kind 
of  land  which  may  be  more  valuable  for  its  aquatic  and 
game  resources  than  for  agriculture,  especially  with  the 
high  drainage  taxes.  The  Sparland  tract  is  another  pub- 
lic hunting  ground,  in  Marshall  county,  of  about  760 
acres,  formerly  a  part  of  Mud  Lake  and  Weis  Lake, 
lying  north  of  Sparland  on  Route  29. 

Stream  Sanitation 

The  pollution  of  streams  by  city  sewage  and  com- 
mercial activities  is  the  challenge  of  our  times.  It  admits 
of  no  defense  and  should  be  prohibited  by  Federal  and 
State  laws.  More  than  fifty  per  cent  of  all  our  waterways 
are  mere  sewers  for  carrying  the  waste  from  our  com- 
munities. It  not  only  means  death  to  all  things  living 
dependent  upon  these  streams,  but  it  is  the  direct  cause  of 
epidemics  of  typhoid,  malaria,  and  kindred  diseases. 

Domestic  city  sewage  is  the  chief  offender  and  cities 
should  be  enjoined  from  emptying  death-dealing  sewage 
into  any  stream.    It  is  useless  to  attempt  to  stock  polluted 


PROGRESS  34 1 

streams  with  fish  or  provide  sanctuaries  for  migratory 
game  birds  along  these  waterways.  They  will  not  sur- 
vive. Cities  and  industries  may  have  a  fee  simple  title 
to  a  hundred  feet  along  the  bank,  but  they  have  no  in- 
alienable right  to  spread  typhoid,  malaria  and  other  dis- 
eases among  men  and  women  and  children  and  all  things 
living  for  a  hundred  miles  below  town.  Not  only  fish 
and  game  require  clean  water,  but  human  life  is  at  stake 
and  the  Department  of  Conservation  asks  all  citizens  to 
cooperate  in  bringing  abatement  of  this  nuisance.  That 
progress  has  gone  forward  in  sanitary  measures  is  evi- 
dent by  the  twenty-one  cities  in  Illinois  that  have  taken 
advantage  of  the  Sanitary  District  Law  of  1917  and  have 
built  modern  sewage  treatment  plants.  Biologists,  chem- 
ists and  engineers  have  given  to  civilization  a  way  to  care 
for  their  wastes.  The  pollution  problem  solved  by  these 
scientific  agencies  is  now  in  the  hands  of  the  citizens  and 
delays  in  adopting  proper  methods  for  the  treatment  of 
municipal  and  industrial  refuse  is  directly  chargeable  to 
the  taxpayers  and  pollution  contributors,  in  our  respective 
communities.  A  duty  which  a  civilized  people  owes  to 
civilization  is  to  make  proper  disposition  of  its  waste. 
The  biologist  recognizes  that  "Sanitation  means  civiliza- 
tion ;  not  only  success,  but  comfort  and  happiness,  and 
even  more  than  that — it  means  existence.  The  penalty  of 
ignorance  and  carelessness  comes  in  the  form  of  disease, 
death  and  destruction." 

Distribution  of  Pheasant  Eggs 
Continuing  the  policy  of  giving  the  hunter  a  valu- 
able consideration  for  his  license  fee,  the  Department  of 
Conservation  has  distributed  this  season  approximately 
40,000  English  or  Ringneck  Pheasant  eggs,  shipments 
being  made  to  every  county  except  two  in  the  State. 
Young  pheasants  are  becoming  plentiful  in  every  section 
of  the  State  and  in  a  short  time  will  offer  a  splendid  re- 
turn to  the  sportsmen. 

Many   inquiries   reach   the    Department   relative   to 
pheasants  killing  quail  and  destroying  quail  eggs.    Stories 


342  ILLINOIS 

and  rumors  of  the  destructive  character  of  the  pheasant 
are  entirely  without  any  foundation  in  truth.  The 
habitat  of  these  birds  is  not  the  same  and  they  rarely  come 
in  contact  with  each  other.  Even  when  confined,  they 
are  the  best  of  friends.  The  pheasant  has  had  to  bear  the 
sins  of  the  crow  and  blackbird. 

The  Department  this  year  initiated  an  order  system 
for  the  distribution  of  pheasant  eggs.  This  was  done  to 
establish  closer  relationship  with  the  persons  receiving 
the  eggs,  making  it  possible  to  secure  some  very  valuable 
data  in  regard  to  hatch  and  number  of  young  birds  liber- 
ated. In  an  endeavor  to  increase  the  percentage  of  hatch, 
the  Department  prepared  a  circular  entitled,  "How  to  Set 
Pheasant  Eggs  and  Care  for  Young  Birds,"  which  was 
sent  out  with  each  setting  of  eggs.  Postcard  notification 
of  receipt  of  eggs  was  mailed  to  the  Department  by  the 
person  receiving  shipment.  It  must  be  remembered  that 
young  and  old  pheasants  must  have  proper  cover  and 
food  to  grow  and  reproduce.  Vermin  must  be  controlled, 
winter  feeding  is  important,  and  if  citizens  of  this  State 
will  respect  the  game  laws  controlling  the  shooting  of 
pheasants,  Illinois  in  a  very  short  time  will  be  densely 
populated  with  this  bird  of  rare  beauty.  It  is  a  sporty 
and  fast  flier,  yet  possesses  habits  of  distinct  advantage  to 
the  farmer.  The  Department  is  contemplating  the  dis- 
tribution of  approximately  15,000  young  birds  this  year, 
in  addition  to  the  egg  deliveries. 

YORKVILLE  GAME  FARM  AND  HATCHERY 

Illinois'  lone  preserve  where  both  game  and  fish  are 
bred,  is  located  on  a  71-acre  tract  of  land  one  mile  north 
of  the  village  of  Yorkville  and  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
Fox  River  at  the  edge  of  the  village  limits. 

Here  the  State  Department  of  Conservation  has 
maintained  for  three  years,  fish  and  game  projects,  which 
will  be  extended  on  a  broader  scale  during  the  next  few 
months. 


PROGRESS  343 

Approximately  1,000,000  fish  and  30,000  eggs  of 
pheasants  are  produced  yearly  on  the  farm-hatchery.  The 
game  preserve  occupies  50  acres  of  land,  while  the  fish 
project  is  contained  in  21  acres,  18  of  which  are  ponds 
for  the  breeding  of  fish. 

This  year  there  are  approximately  1,000  fish  breed- 
ing in  the  ponds,  the  first  active  work  since  1925  by  the 
Department  here. 

In  the  game  preserve,  40  golden  pheasants,  12  silver 
pheasants,  16  Amherst  pheasants,  900  Ringneck  breeding 
hens,  and  325  ringneck  breeding  cocks,  are  protected 
within  the  confines  of  the  project. 

Two  equipped  hatchery  buildings,  three  feed  houses, 
two  chicken  houses,  620  rearing  coops  and  one  frame 
residence  comprise  the  improvements  on  the  preserve, 
in  which  work  is  carried  on  in  one  of  the  most  extensive 
breeding  activities  in  the  State. 

ALTON  GAME  FARM 

Nearly  400  pheasants,  bred  for  the  purpose  of 
propagating  the  game  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  are  cared 
for  on  the  Alton  Game  Farm  of  the  Department  of  Con- 
servation, located  at  the  State  Hospital  grounds  about 
one  and  one-half  miles  north  of  the  city  of  Alton,  Madi- 
son County. 

A  32-acre  tract  of  land  provides  the  breeding  and 
feeding  grounds  for  the  huge  flock,  which  yearly  is  pro- 
viding excellent  game  conditions  for  Illinois  sportsmen. 
Thirty  acres  of  the  land  are  used  for  rearing  ground  for 
baby  pheasants,  which  number  2,500  to  4,000  each  year. 

The  Department  of  Conservation  in  all  its  activities 
is  wholly  maintained  without  costing  any  citizen  of  the 
State  of  Illinois  one  cent  of  taxes.  Its  entire  revenue  is 
derived  practically  from  the  sale  of  licenses  to  those  who 
care  to  hunt  and  fish.  All  its  expenses  for  salaries,  wages, 
wardens,  equipment,  purchase  of  lands  for  hatcheries,  fish 
and  game  preserves,  reclamation  work,  distribution  of 
stock  fish,  pheasants,  quail,  wild  game  for  propagation, 


344  ILLINOIS 

upkeep  of  hatcheries,  repairs,  permanent  improvements, 
etc.,  are  paid  from  the  Game  and  Fish  fund,  without  the 
assessment  of  one  cent  of  taxation.  A  reference  to 
the  table  will  show  the  steady  and  sure  growth  of  the 
revenue  collected  by  this  Department. 

All  monies  received  by  the  Department  of  Conserva- 
tion go  into  this  fund  and  are  appropriated  by  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  Department. 

The  Game  and  Fish  funds  cannot  be  otherwise  ap- 
propriated by  the  Legislature.  The  total  amount  appro- 
priated by  the  General  Assembly  for  the  present  biennium 
exceeds  one  and  a  quarter  million  dollars. 

Projects  Accomplished 

1.  Eleven  fish  hatcheries  constructed  and  maintained. 

2.  67,000,000  estimated  delivery  of  fish  from  hatcheries 
annually. 

3.  Four  fish  reclaiming  stations,  estimated  as  reclaim- 
ing 20,000,000  fish  annually. 

4.  Two  game  farms  for  rearing  pheasants. 

5.  55,000  total  production  of  pheasant  eggs  per  year. 

6.  15,000  total  production  of  pheasants  yearly. 

7.  30,000  to  50,000  pheasant  eggs  distributed  to  inter- 
ested persons  annually. 

8.  60  to  100  railway  cars  of  fish  delivered  to  Illinois 
lakes  and  rivers  each  year. 

9.  50  to  100  truck  loads  of  fish  delivered  annually. 

10.  15,000,000  wall-eyed  pike  artificially  hatched  annually. 

11.  10,000,000  lake  trout  distributed  annually. 

12.  Three  aquatic  research  laboratories. 

13.  Two  public  shooting  grounds. 

14.  Five  State-owned  game  refuges. 

15.  One  ornithological  research  laboratory. 

16.  Defining  of  three  zones,  northern,  central,  and  south- 
ern, to  more  intelligently  establish  the  closed  and  open  season 
of  game. 

17.  Practically  a  new  law  governing  the  taking  of  game 
and  aquatic  life  from  our  State. 

18.  Establishment  of  14  conservation  districts  in  the 
State. 

19.  Detailing  Inspector  to  be  responsible  for  conserva- 
tion districts. 

20.  Instituted  definite  functional  organization  for  De- 
partment control. 


PROGRESS  345 

21.  Protection  of  forests  of  the  State  from  fire. 

22.  Publication  of  educational  booklets  on  conservation 
activities. 

23.  Cooperation  with  State  Department  of  Public  Health 
in  stream  sanitation  work. 

24.  Educational  exhibits  at  fairs  and  exhibitions. 

25.  Collection  of  statistical  information  on  forests,  fish, 
and  game. 

26.  Three  reels  of  motion  pictures  prepared  for  use  of 
interested  citizens: 

"Helping  Nature  win." 

"More  Fish  for  Illinois  Rivers  and  Lakes." 

"The  Modern  Sewage  Treatment  Plant." 

27.  Supervision  and  control  of  licenses  of  29  different 
kinds,  totaling  765,107  during  1927-1928. 

28.  Department  foresters  have  examined  and  reported 
upon  over  5,000  acres  of  land  in  game  refuges,  and  other  land 
owned  by  the  State  Conservation  Department,  as  well  as  land 
recommended  for  purchase  as  State  forests. 

29.  A  cooperative  agreement  has  been  worked  out  with 
the  U.  S.  Forest  Service  under  Sections  1-3  of  the  Clarke- 
McNary  Law  to  protect  from  fire  130,000  acres  of  timber  in 
southern  Illinois— thus  putting  Illinois  in  line  with  other 
progressive  states  in  fire  protection. 

30.  The  Division  of  Forestry  has  written,  published,  and 
distributed  21,000  free  copies  of  the  book,  "Forest  Trees  of 
Illinois— How  to  Know  Them,"  which  has  met  with  an  un- 
precedented demand  from  the  schools,  Boy  and  Girl  Scouts, 
and  the  general  public,  necessitating  the  publication  of  a  third 
edition. 

31.  A  film  slide  consisting  of  87  pictures  on  "Illinois 
Forestry"  has  been  compiled  for  lectures  and  for  fair  and 
window  exhibits.  A  printed  syllabus  has  been  prepared  to 
accompany  and  explain  the  pictures,  which  any  teacher  can 
use.  A  motion  picture  film  on  forestry,  "Helping  Nature 
Win,"  is  another  publicity  feature. 

32.  The  Chief  Forester  has  cooperated  with  the  Natural 
History  Survey,  Urbana,  in  completing  another  book  on  "The 
Native  and  Naturalized  Trees  of  Illinois,"  a  work  started  in 
1924  at  Urbana. 

33.  Manuscript  completed  on  a  bird  book  for  Illinois, 
which  will  undoubtedly  be  more  popular  than  the  one  on  trees. 

34.  Responsible  for  marketing,  with  the  cooperation  of 
Illinois  nursery-men,  about  87,000  forest  tree  seedlings,  of 
which  over  50,000  were  planted  on  State  lands  during  April 
and  May,  1928,  including  15  acres  of  white  pine  at  the  Mat- 
toon  Hatchery,  20  acres  at  the  Oquawka  Game  Refuge,  and 


346  ILLINOIS 

10  acres  at  the  White  Pine  Grove,  near  Oregon,  Illinois.  This 
number  should  be  more  than  doubled  next  year  on  State  and 
private  lands. 

35.  Carried  on  educational  and  publicity  work  in  forestry 
in  Izaak  Walton  League  chapters  and  the  public  schools  when- 
ever opportunity  offered,  with  two  special  workers  among  the 
Women's  Clubs.  A  special  effort  was  made  during  American 
Forest  Week,  April  22-28,  to  reach  large  audiences. 

36.  Developed  a  complete  filing  system  of  information 
on  State  and  National  forestry,  so  that  all  inquiries  can  be 
intelligently  and  quickly  answered. 

37.  Exhibits  have  been  prepared  for  Boy  Scout  Merit 
Badge  shows  in  Chicago  and  Springfield  and  for  the  State 
Fair  at  Springfield,  intended  for  educational  purposes,  to  more 
closely  link  up  the  idea  of  forestry  with  fish  and  game 
propagation. 

Forestry  Policy 

a.  Protection  of  our  forests  from  fire,  for  the  sake  of 
growing  better  timber,  encouraging  birds  and  producing  more 
game. 

b.  Extension  of  our  present  forests  by  natural  means,  or 
by  planting  where  necessary,  through  State  initiative  and 
cooperation. 

c.  Acquisition  of  State  forests  for  demonstrations  in  the 
growing  of  timber,  the  prevention  of  soil  erosion,  the  more 
profitable  use  of  our  waste  lands,  and  to  afford  places  of 
recreation  and  study. 

d.  Education  of  the  public  by  books,  such  as  "Forest 
Trees  of  Illinois,"  to  appreciate  more  highly  the  native  trees, 
birds,  and  wild  flowers. 

Projects  Under  Way 

1.  Posting  of  rivers  that  are  free  from  gross  pollution. 

2.  Reduction  of  gas  in  the  Illinois  River. 

3.  Definite  program  of  vermin  control. 

4.  Promote  study  of  quail  production  and  propagation. 

5.  Use  of  the  license  button  to  be  worn  in  the  field  by 
hunters  and  fishermen. 

6.  Uniform  all  Department  inspectors  and  investigators. 

7.  Rules  and  instructions  for  all  Department  employees. 

8.  Concentrate  effort  of  Department  on  stream  pollution 
in  cooperation  with  the  State  Department  of  Public  Health. 

9.  Top  minnows  (Gambusia  affinis)  production  for  mos- 
quito eradication,  in  cooperation  with  the  State  Department 
of  Public  Health. 


PROGRESS  347 

10.     Prepare  double  fold  circulars,  for  free  distribution  on 
the  following  subjects: 

(1)  Wild  game  bird  propagation. 

(2)  Rearing  ringneck  pheasants. 

(3)  What  we  know  about  quail. 

(4)  Rearing  wild  water  fowl. 

(5)  Feed  for  ducks  and  geese. 

(6)  How  to  increase  bird  population. 

1(7)   Planting  wild  food  for  birds. 
(8)   Nesting  boxes,  bird  propagation. 
(9)   Bird  enemies. 
(10)   The  Illinois  carp. 
(11)   Raising  fur-bearing  animals. 
(12)   Care  of  pelts. 
(13)   Fresh  water  farming. 
(14)   Raising  brook  trout  by  artificial  methods. 

(15)  Raising  fish  Nature's  way. 

(16)  Fish  ladders  and  their  care. 

(17)  Fish  control  program. 

(18)  Building  and  care  of  camp  fires. 

(19)  Vermin  control. 

(20)  Musseling  in  Illinois. 

(21)  Uses  of  the  gar  fish. 

(22)  Fishing  and  hunting  in  Illinois. 

(23)  Illinois  fishing  and  hunting  clubs. 

(24)  Illinois  commercial  fishermen. 

(25)  Native  animals  of  the  State. 

"If  you  want  more  forests,  fish  and  game  for  Illinois,  re- 
spect State  and  Nature's  laws." — Director  Radebaugh. 


348  ILLINOIS 


Military  and  Naval 
Department 

Brigadier  General  Carlos  E.  Black.  The  Adjutant 
General 

WHEX  the  Xational  Guard  of  Illinois  returned  from 
Oversea-  duty  during  the  World  War,  the  officers 
and  men  were  automatically  discharged  from  the 
service.  The  only  force  the  State  then  had  was  the  Illinois 
Reserve  Militia,  which  was  composed  of  men  who  had  en- 
tered the  service  of  the  State  for  the  period  of  the  emer- 
gency only.  It  became  necessary  that  immediate  action 
should  be  taken  to  reorganize  the  National  Guard  because 
the  State  was  devoid  of  any  military  organization. 

The  Xational  Defense  Act  of  1920,  passed  by  the 
Federal  Congress  provided  that  certain  organizations  of 
troops,  consisting  of  all  branches  of  the  service,  would 
be  allocated  to  and  organized  in  the  several  states.  To 
the  State  of  Illinois  was  assigned  the  reorganization  of 
the  33d  Division,  which  was  to  constitute  a  part  of  the 
troops  of  the  State.  In  addition  to  the  units  composing 
the  33d  Division,  certain  Corps  and  Army  troops  were 
also  allocated. 

The  organization,  as  finally  agreed  upon  between 
the  Federal  and  the  State  Governments,  consisted  of  the 
following  units : 

DIVISIONAL   TROOPS: 
33d  Division 
Division  Headquarters  and  Headquarters  Detachment. 
Division  Special  Troops,  consisting  of: 

Headquarters  and  Headquarters  Detachment. 
Medical  Department  Detachment. 
Division  Headquarters  Company. 
33d  Military  Police  Company. 
33d  Signal  Company. 


PROGRESS  349 

33d  Tank  Company. 
108th  Motorcycle  Company. 
108th  Ordnance  Company    (Maintenance). 
65th   Infantry  Brigade,  consisting  of: 

Headquarters  and  Headquarters  Company. 
Medical  Department  Detachment. 
129th  Regiment  Infantry. 
130th  Regiment  Infantry. 
66th  Infantry  Brigade,  consisting  of: 

Headquarters  and  Headquarters  Company. 
Medical  Department  Detachment. 
131st  Regiment  Infantry. 
132nd  Regiment  Infantry. 
58th  Field  Artillery  Brigade,  consisting  of: 
Headquarters  and  Headquarters  Battery. 
122nd  Regiment  Field  Artillery. 
124th  Regiment  Field  Artillery. 
108th  Combat  Engineers. 
33d  Division  Air  Service. 
108th  Medical  Regiment. 

CORPS  TROOPS: 
123d  Field  Artillery   (155  mm  Howitzer). 
202nd   Coast  Artillery  Regiment    (AA). 
ARMY  TROOPS: 
22d  Cavalry  Division. 
106th  Cavalry  Regiment    (less  1st  Squadron  and  Medical 
Department  Detachment,  1st  Squadron). 
Special  Allotment. 
8th  Regiment  Infantry  (Colored)    (8th  Illinois). 
The  first  step  in  the  rebuilding  of  these  organizations 
was  the  selection  of  the  Commanding  Officers.     It   was 
found  that  the  public  was  in  a  state  of  apathy,  so  far  as 
interest  in  military  was  concerned.     The  officers  chosen 
for  this  duty  were  men  who  had  had  military  experience 
in  the   World   War  and  many   with  prior  experience  in 
National  Guard  work.     The  ex-service  men,  realizing  the 
immediate  need  of  a  military  force  within  the  State,  fur- 
nished  the  backbone  of  the  organization.     In   many   in- 
stances, they  assumed  the  duties  of  organizing  companies 
in  their  immediate  localities,  which,  in  turn,  were  to  be- 
come units  of  the  larger  organization. 

The  next  problem  was  that  of  housing.  The  State 
owned  but  few  armories.  It  was,  therefore,  necessary  to 
rent  vacant  buildings  where  they  could  be  procured,  con- 


350  ILLINOIS 

vert  them  into  suitable  places  for  the  housing  and  train- 
ing of  the  personnel,  and  for  the  safe  storage  of  prop- 
erty. Very  seldom  is  a  building  found  that  admits  of 
easy  conversion  to  the  requirements  of  a  military  organ- 
ization. A  very  important  factor,  too,  was  the  safe  stor- 
age of  property. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  National  Defense  Act, 
the  Federal  Government  assumed  the  burden  of  furnish- 
ing all  equipment  for  these  organizations.  This  included 
pay,  clothing,  arms  and  transportation,  both  motor  and 
horse  drawn.  This  equipment  was  furnished  by  the  Fed- 
eral Government  with  the  provision  that  the  State  must 
furnish  safe  and  proper  storage  for  it,  and  that  it  must 
be  used  for  none  other  than  military  purposes.  To  re- 
ceive pay,  certain  standards  of  efficiency  would  have  to 
be  met. 

When  Governor  Small  took  office  in  January,  1921. 
the  National  Guard  consisted  of  but  a  few  scattering  units 
throughout  the  State,  there  being  not  one  complete  bat- 
talion organized.  Several  of  the  units  of  the  Illinois  Re- 
serve Militia  were  still  in  the  service  on  paper,  awaiting 
muster-out,  in  accordance  with  their  contract  of  enlist- 
ment. 

Realizing  the  seriousness  of  this  situation,  soon  after 
his  inauguration,  Governor  Small  took  steps  for  its  cor- 
rection by  directing  that  the  units  allocated  to  Illinois  be 
formed  immediately  and  mustered  into  service  of  the  Na- 
tional Guard. 

Where  State-owned  armories  were  available,  units 
were  organized  and  stationed  in  them.  At  other  loca- 
tions, troops  were  organized,  quarters  were  obtained  by 
rental,  and  remodeled  to  suit  the  needs  of  the  service. 

There  next  remained  to  be  procured,  a  suitable  train- 
ing location.  The  Federal  Government  was  disbanding 
Camp  Grant,  near  Rockford,  Illinois,  and  by  negotiation, 
the  State  was  able  to  secure  the  grounds  and  such  of  the 
buildings  as  were  of  value  for  use  of  the  National  Guard 
of  Illinois  for  training.  The  lease  tendered  by  the  Fed- 
eral Government  to  the  State  of  Illinois  was  accepted  and 


PROGRESS  351 

signed  by  Governor  Small.  It  gives  to  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois, without  cost,  all  utilities  and  grounds,  known  as 
Camp  Grant,  with  the  provision  that  so  long  as  it  is  used 
for  military  purposes,  and  the  Government  has  no  use 
for  it,  the  State  may  use  it.  It  was  the  only  site  in  the 
State  of  Illinois  that  approached  the  accommodations  re- 
quired. 

Organization 

The  basis  of  the  organization  of  the  National  Guard 
is  population,  and  the  assignment  of  troops  to  different 
localities  was  based  on  the  density  of  population. 

Division  Headquarters  and  Special  Troops  con- 
nected with  it,  were  assigned  to  the  city  of  Chicago  be- 
cause it  is  desirable  that  these  troops  be  located  close  to- 
gether. 

The  65th  Infantry  Brigade,  consisting  of  the  129th 
and  130th  Regiments  of  Infantry,  was  assigned  to  the 
State  outside  of  Cook  County.  An  imaginary  line  was 
drawn  from  west  to  east  across  the  State  just  north  of 
Peoria  and  the  territory  north  of  that  line  was  assigned 
to  the  129th  Infantry  and  that  south  to  the  130th  Infan- 
try. These  regiments  were  to  be  re-located  and  were 
given  the  same  numbers  as  those  which  served  in  the  War 
time  Thirty-Third  Division. 

The  same  principle  in  organizing  the  66th  Infantry 
Brigade  prevailed.  It  consists  of  the  131st  and  132nd 
Regiments  of  Infantry,  which  succeed  the  War  time  or- 
ganizations of  that  designation  and  originally  were  from 
that  city. 

The  58th  Field  Artillery  Brigade  was  also  organized 
in  Chicago,  as  the  122nd  and  124th  Field  Artillery  Regi- 
ments are  the  logical  successors  to  similar  organizations 
of  War  time  designations. 

The  108th  Combat  Engineers,  33d  Division  Air  Ser- 
vice, and  the  108th  Medical  Regiment  were  also  located 
in  Chicago  because  of  the  great  need  of  a  large  number 
of  specialized  men  which  were  procurable  from  the  Pub- 
lic Service  Corporations  in  Chicago  for  the  Engineers; 
from  the  great  reservoir  of  technical  men  with  experi- 


352  ILLINOIS 

ence  for  the  33d  Division  Air  Service,  and,  because  of  the 
great  number  of  Medical  Schools  and  Hospitals,  the  best 
type  of  officers  and  men  for  the  Medical  Regiment  would 
be  available. 

The  123d  Field  Artillery  was  located  in  Monmouth 
and  Galesburg.  A  large  number  of  officers  and  men 
from  that  locality  served  with  the  123d  Field  Artillery  in 
the  World  War. 

The  Second  Squadron  of  the  106th  Cavalry  was  lo- 
cated and  organized  at  Springfield  and  Urbana. 

The  8th  Infantry  (Colored),  which  served  as  the 
370th  Infantry  during  the  World  War,  was  allocated,  two 
Battalions  to  Chicago  and  one  Battalion  downstate. 

Subsequently,  a  regiment  of  Anti-Aircraft,  desig- 
nated as  the  202nd  Coast  Artillery  (Anti-Aircraft),  was 
allocated  to  Illinois  and  this  was  assigned  to  Chicago. 

Receipt  of  Property 

As  soon  as  these  organizations  were  ready  for  mus- 
ter-in, they  were  inspected  by  the  Federal  Government 
and  if  found  to  be  satisfactory,  they  were  accepted. 
Their  initial  equipment  was  then  furnished  to  them  by 
the  Federal  Government  and  the  problem  of  storage  for 
this  equipment  became  acute. 

Housing 

The  housing  of  troops  and  the  storage  of  equipment 
are  of  paramount  importance.  In  order  to  comply  with 
the  Government  requirements,  regarding  the  safety  of 
property,  and  so  that  the  troops  might  have  suitable  hous- 
ing facilities  and  training,  armories  were  built  at  Kan- 
kakee, Danville  and  Peoria,  for  the  use  of  the  organiza- 
tions located  at  those  stations. 

The  Drill  Hall  for  the  uncompleted  armory  of  the 
122nd  Field  Artillery  in  Chicago  was  built;  the  building 
used  as  an  armory  by  the  202nd  Coast  Artillery  (AA), 
was  purchased;  and  two  hangars,  combining  the  armory 
and  hangar  features,  were  built  at  the  Municipal  Airport 
in  Chicago  to  house  the  33d  Division  Air  Service.     All 


PROGRESS  353 

State  armories,  in  addition  to  the  above,  were  made  use 
of  and  troops  stationed  in  them.  Where  no  armories 
were  available,  the  most  suitable  buildings  for  the  pur- 
pose were  rented,  remodeled  to  fit  the  military  needs  and 
occupied.  Armory  sites  at  Elgin,  Joliet,  Canton  and  De- 
catur have  been  purchased,  but  no  buildings  have  as  yet 
been  erected  on  them. 

A  site  was  also  acquired  in  Washington  Park,  Chi- 
cago, for  the  armory  of  the  124th  Field  Artillery.  Ap- 
propriation has  been  made  for  this  building  and  plans  and 
specifications  are  now  being  prepared. 

Training 

It  is  not  enough  that  troops  should  be  trained,  only, 
in  an  armory.  There  they  secure  the  fundamentals,  but 
it  is  necessary  that  they  go  into  the  field  for  two  weeks 
each  year  and  receive  that  part  of  their  training  which 
cannot  be  given  in  an  armory. 

To  do  this,  it  became  necessary  to  secure  a  site  of 
ground  suitable  for  this  work.  Several  thousand  acres 
of  varied  ground  are  required.  Due  to  the  density  of 
the  population  of  Illinois,  and  its  well  known  level  ter- 
rain, such  a  site  was  not  owned  or  controlled  by  the  State. 
The  Federal  Government  at  this  time  was  dismantling, 
with  the  idea  of  abandoning,  Camp  Grant  where  several 
thousands  of  Illinois  soldiers  had  been  trained  during  the 
World  War.  It  consisted  of  over  3,000  acres,  and  while 
it  was  not  all  that  was  needed,  it  was  better  than  anything 
else  available. 

Governor  Small  entered  into  negotiations  with  the 
Federal  Government,  and  as  a  result  of  his  efforts,  the 
State  entered  into  an  agreement  with  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment to  use  this  reservation  for  the  training  of  the 
National  Guard  of  the  State.  The  Federal  Government 
looked  upon  this  with  favor  and,  as  a  result,  they  gave 
the  ground  to  the  State  under  the  terms  of  a  Revocable 
License,  which  provides  that  so  long  as  the  State  uses  it 
for  the  purpose  intended,  and  that  there  is  no  major  emer- 
gency in  which  the  Government  might  need  it,  the  State 
may  use  it  indefinitely. 


354  ILLINOIS 

When  taken  over  by  the  State  of  Illinois  from  the 
Federal  Government,  after  years  of  idleness  and  through 
neglect  of  proper  care,  it  was  a  wilderness  of  underbrush, 
noxious  weeds  and  debris.  The  buildings,  which  were 
used  during  the  cantonment  period,  were  with  a  few  ex- 
ceptions of  that  particular  type  of  construction  and,  due 
to  lack  of  care,  were  dilapidated  and  in  useless  condition. 
It  became  necessary  that  the  grounds  be  cleared  of  these 
old  buildings,  foundations  of  wood  and  concrete  removed, 
and  the  ground  put  in  suitable  condition  for  a  tented 
camp.     This  has  been  done. 

In  their  places,  there  are  now  modern  Mess  Halls, 
Latrines  and  other  buildings,  suitable  for  the  needs  of 
the  National  Guard.  Through  this  transformation  that 
has  taken  place,  Camp  Grant  now  ranks  among  the  most 
modern  military  camps  in  the  United  States.  To-day, 
the  farm  areas  compare  favorably  in  appearance  with 
other  farms  in  the  community.  By  permitting  the  farm- 
ers to  till  the  ground,  the  houses  and  barns  have  been  put 
in  a  presentable  and  habitable  condition.  The  fences 
have  been  repaired  and  in  some  cases,  rebuilt.  The  fields, 
once  all  weeds,  are  now  put  to  some  good  purpose  and  the 
present  method,  when  compared  with  the  condition  the 
areas  and  farms  were  in,  prior  to  the  State  taking  over 
the  Reservation,  has  received  much  favorable  comment. 
Repeatedly,  the  residents  of  Rockford  and  adjoining  com- 
munities say  that  the  Camp  Grant  Reservation  is  now  a 
credit  rather  than  a  disgrace  to  the  community. 

There  remains  still  much  work  to  be  done.  Addi- 
tional Mess  Halls  need  to  be  built  to  complete  the  comple- 
ment for  the  enlisted  men.  The  Officers'  Mess  Halls  and 
Latrines  should  follow  in  future  priorities.  The  pro- 
gram of  construction  and  rehabilitation  is  a  definite  one. 

The  Camp  Grant  Reservation  is  not  large  enough  to 
permit  the  training  of  the  four  Artillery  organizations  of 
the  National  Guard  of  Illinois,  due  to  its  limited  areas 
and  the  density  of  population  surrounding  it.  To  obviate 
this  and  make  it  possible  for  Illinois  to  train  her  own 
troops  within  the  borders  of  the  State,  additional  ground 


PROGRESS 


355 


202nd  Coast  Artillery  Armory,  I.  N.  G.,  Chicago 


One  of  the  31  dining-  halls  for  enlisted  men  at  Camp  Grant 


ILLINOIS 


i  III  111  HI    111 


Drill  hall,   122nd  Field  Artillery  Armory,  Chicago 


New  Illinois  National  Guard  Armory  at  Kankakee 


PROGRESS 


357 


Suspension   bridge   built  by   engineers   of 
Guard,  Camp  Grant 


the   Illinois   National 


Recently  built  I.   N.   G.  armory  at  Danville 


358 


ILLINOIS 


Beautiful  entrance  gates,  122nd  Field  Artillery  Armory,  Chicago 


is  necessary.  It  is  highly  desirable  that  all  troops  should 
be  trained  together  because  they  work  as  a  team  rather 
than  as  separate  organizations  or  arms  of  the  service. 

The  National  Guard  of  to-day  is  equipped  for  active 
service.  The  following  partial  list  of  articles  indicates 
to  a  degree  the  clothing  and  equipment  on  hand : 


PROGRESS  359 

Breeches,   service,   cotton    29971 

Breeches,  service,  wool,  o.d 16777 

Caps,   service 13211 

Coats,  service,  cotton 15655 

Coats,  service,  wool,  o.d 15962 

Hats,   service    "" 14667 

Leggins,  canvas,  mtd 3837 

Leggins,  spiral,  wool,  o.d.    .                         199oo 

Shirts,  flannel,  o.d. V"    ^  \\\\"\  J*»« 

bhoes,  service   27336 

Machine  Guns,  cal.  30  M-17   "... 208 

Automatic  Rifles,  cal.  30,  M-18    ^r 

Rifles,  U.  S.  cal.  30,  M-03 .".'.'.'.' .'  \  [  [  \  \  ['"  5^g 

Pistols,  Automatic,  cal.  45,  M-ll 9500 

Revolvers,  cal.  45,  M-17   : ' 3455 

3"  Stokes  Trench  Mortars           °     q 

37  mm  Guns * 

75  mm  Guns 40 

75  mm  Guns  A-A 6 

155  mm.   How R 

Airplanes    j: 

Tanks I 

Tractors,  5-ton   2 

Trucks ::.:::::; ul 

Searchlights    ' 

Ambulances    Motor 13 

Ambulances   Horsedrawn in 

wagons  .;.;; f" 

Harness,   Escort  Wagon    61o 

Harness,  Artillery   * 

Harness,    SS    Igj 

H°^s ...:.:.'::::::::: 120 

Tents,  wall,  large,  complete  104 

Tents,  wall,  small,  complete .' 687 

Tents,  pyramid,  complete 2400 

Range,  field,  No.  1  w/equipment               164 

Range,  field,  No.  2  w/equipment...      on 

Kitchens,   rolling    29 

Water,  tanks   (carts) '.  \  \  \ ' .' .' ' ' '  49 

Personnel 

The  total  allocated  strength  of  the  National  Guard 

qIoJ       ^aS  authorized  by  the  Federal  Government,  is 

♦  u  1     ef  tlmeS  durin^  the  last  year»  thi*  limiting 

strength  has  been  exceeded  and  it  became  necessary  to 
reduce  the  force  by  discharge  to  the  level  allowed      The 


360 


ILLINOIS 


Sanitary,    modern    stalls   in   basement   of   122nd   Field   Artillery- 
Armory,  Chicago 


personnel  of  the  officers  and  men  of  the  National  Guard 
of  to-day  has  never  been  excelled.  The  officers  are  de- 
voting themselves  assiduously  to  the  study  of  military 
problems  and  subjects  necessary  to  bring  them  to  a  high 
standard  of  efficiency,  which  must  be  attained  in  order 
that  they  may  function  properly.  This  work  is  being  ac- 
complished in  a  true  soldierly  spirit  by  means  of  armory 


PROGRESS 


361 


'1:1 

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<    !'£3lft 

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as 


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13  S  « 
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362 


ILLINOIS 


PROGRESS 


363 


Modern   blacksmith    shop    in   basement   of   122nd   Field    Artillery- 
Armory,  I.  N.  G.,  Chicago 


drills,  field  training  camps,  service  schools  and  corre- 
spondence courses.  The  enlisted  personnel  is  composed 
of  an  excellent  type  of  young  manhood  with  a  high  state 
of  morale,  with  an  ever  increasing  interest  in  things  mili- 
tary. 

The  result  of  the  training  of  the  Illinois  National 
Guard  has  been  the  subject  of  communications  of  com- 
mendation from  eminent  Army  Officers,  who  are  compe- 
tent to  judge  of  its  quality  and  of  its  organization.  These 
communications,  in  brief,  have  indicated  a  very  high  state 
of  morale  and  a  satisfactory  degree  of  efficiency  within 
the  ranks  of  the  present  National  Guard.  It  is  a  real 
institution  conducted  as  a  business  and  is  on  a  solid  sub- 
stantial foundation. 


Illinois  Naval  Militia 
The  Illinois  Naval  Militia  has  been  reorganized  and 
re-located  as  follows: 


364  ILLINOIS 

FIFTH  BATTALION. 
Division.  Location. 

Headquarters  Chicago 

20th    (Deck)    Chicago 

21st   (Engineer)    Chicago 

22nd    (Deck)    Chicago 

23rd    (Deck)    Chicago 

24th    (Deck)    Chicago 

30th    (Deck)    Peoria 

SIXTH  BATTALION 

Headquarters   Chicago 

25th  (Engineer)    Chicago 

26th    (Deck)    Chicago 

27th    (Deck)    Chicago 

28th    (Deck)    Chicago 

31st    (Deck)    Rock  Island 

The  present  strength  of  these  organizations  is  56 
Officers  and  683  Men. 

The  equipment  for  this  Naval  force  is  likewise  fur- 
nished by  the  Federal  Government.  Each  year,  fifteen 
days  are  spent  on  a  cruise  on  the  Great  Lakes.  The  boat 
on  which  this  cruise  is  made  is  the  Wilmette,  which  is 
equipped  and  maintained  by  the  Federal  Government. 

The  State  owns  an  armory  site  and  an  appropriation 
has  been  made  for  the  erection  of  an  armory  on  this  site, 
which  is  located  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  in  Grant 
Park,  at  the  foot  of  Randolph  Street,  in  Chicago. 

Rifle  Ranges 

In  this  country,  War  has  always  come  without  warn- 
ing and  without  opportunity  for  adequate  preparation. 
The  future  safety  of  America  lies  in  her  ability  to  wage 
successful  defensive  warfare  until  an  offensive  force  can 
be  equipped  and  trained.  As  in  the  past,  this  country 
will  have  to  depend  upon  its  citizen  soldiers  to  safeguard 
its  institutions  in  times  of  a  National  emergency. 

The  service  rifle  is  the  pivot  around  which  the  entire 
military  system  swings.  It  is  the  main  defensive  arm  in 
time  of  peril.  Several  weeks  are  required  to  instruct  a 
recruit  in  its  care  and  use.  Months,  usually  years,  are 
necessary  in  learning  to  shoot  it  accurately. 


PROGRESS  365 

With  these  thoughts  and  purposes  in  mind,  an  out- 
door target  practice  season  for  all  troops  of  the  Illinois 
National  Guard  is  prescribed  from  June  1  to  October  31, 
of  each  year.  During  this  time,  special  instruction  in 
rifle  and  pistol  marksmanship  is  conducted  on  the  various 
rifle  ranges  of  the  State. 

These  ranges  are  located  at  Camp  Logan,  Zion; 
Camp  Grant,  Rockford;  Camp  Lincoln,  Springfield.  In 
addition  to  the  above,  ranges  are  located  at  Danville, 
Ottawa,  Quincy,  Salem,  Decatur,  Peoria,  Ullin  and  Mill- 
ington,  for  use  of  units  of  the  National  Guard  located  in 
those  immediate  vicinities. 

Machine  Gun  Ranges 
Facilities  for  the  use  of  Machine  Guns  are  found 
at  Camp  Logan,  Camp  Grant,  Camp  Lincoln,  Delavan, 
Danville  and  Paris. 

National  Rifle  Team  Match 
The  principal  attraction  of  the  Target  Practice  Sea- 
son is  the  selection  and  development  of  a  State  Team  to 
represent  Illinois  at  the  National  Matches,  held  at  Camp 
Perry,  Ohio,  during  the  month  of  September. 

It  is  gratifying  and  encouraging  to  know  the  results 
obtained  by  the  Illinois  National  Guard  Rifle  Team  in 
the  National  Rifle  Team  Match  which  was  held  at  Camp 
Perry,  Ohio,  September  18  and  19,  1925. 

Eighty-seven  teams  from  all  parts  of  the  United 
States  competed.  The  Illinois  National  Guard  Rifle 
Team  at  this  Match  for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of 
the  State,  won  a  National  Trophy.  In  this  connection, 
the  fact  must  not  be  lost  sight  of  that  the  teams  from  the 
different  Arms  and  Branches  of  the  service,  as  well  as 
those  coming  from  other  states,  were  composed  of  their 
very  best  shots.  Consequently,  the  team  from  Illinois  had 
real  competition  from  start  to  finish. 

Active  Service 
The  Illinois  National  Guard  has  been  called  upon  to 
render  active  service  on  many  occasions  and  has  acquitted 


366  ILLINOIS 

itself  with  credit.  Many  units  participated  in  the  railroad 
riots  in  1922,  and  on  several  occasions,  it  was  deemed 
necessary  to  send  troops  into  Williamson  County. 

Again  when  a  tornado  struck  Illinois  near  Murphys- 
boro  and  followed  almost  a  straight  line  eastward  through 
the  counties  of  Jackson,  Williamson,  Franklin,  Hamilton 
and  White,  leaving  death  and  devastation  behind,  the 
National  Guard  was  first  on  the  scene  and  staid  until  its 
services  were  no  longer  required.  Its  presence  protected 
the  homeless,  guarded  property,  sheltered  the  sick,  pre- 
vented looting  and  warded  off  ghouls,  such  as  only  a 
specially  trained,  adequate  force  can  do.  These  detach- 
ments truly  characterized  the  citizen  soldier  in  peace,  and 
reveals  the  vital  part  which  the  National  Guard  plays  in 
times  of  a  great  crisis. 

The  military  activities  were  characterized  by  ef- 
ficiency and  dispatch.  All  of  the  troops  employed  acquitted 
themselves  with  exceptional  credit.  The  service  rendered 
by  them  indicates  clearly  the  ability  and  efficiency  of  the 
National  Guard  in  an  emergency. 

Another  service  rendered  by  the  National  Guard  was 
made  necessary  incident  to  the  extraordinary  assemblage 
of  people,  who  attended  the  closing  services  of  the 
Eucharistic  Congress  at  Mundelein,  in  Lake  County. 

The  service  as  directed  was  efficiently  rendered. 
This  immense  gathering  of  people  was  so  well  managed 
and  handled  that  there  was  no  serious  accident  or  injury 
of  any  kind.  The  objective  was  accomplished  by  the 
preservation  of  peace  and  good  order  of  society  and  by 
preventing  violations  of  the  laws  of  the  road.  The  Na- 
tional Guard  disposed  of  this  emergency  with  dispatch 
and  promptly  resumed  their  civilian  occupations. 

WAR  TROPHIES 

The  National  Government  allocated  to  the  State  of 
Illinois,  a  quantity  of  Captured  War  Devices  and 
Trophies.  Governor  Small  designated  the  Adjutant 
General  to  superintend  the  distribution  of  these  trophies 


PROGRESS  367 

throughout  the  State.  This  task  was  immediately  begun 
upon  receipt  of  first  applications.  The  general  rule  in 
the  distribution  of  these  trophies  was  followed  by  award- 
ing them  to  National  Guard  organizations  which  saw 
service  Overseas  during  the  World  War,  American  Le- 
gion Posts,  Military  Colleges,  Cemeteries,  Museums  and 
City  Parks.  In  all,  several  thousand  trophies  were  dis- 
tributed. 

Burial  Places  of  Soldiers  and  Sailors 

Under  the  supervision  of  the  Military  and  Naval 
Department,  records  are  collected,  compiled  and  pub- 
lished, giving  information  relative  to  the  grave  number, 
lot  number,  section,  cemetery,  city  and  county  where  every 
soldier,  sailor,  marine  and  army  nurse,  who  served  dur- 
ing any  war,  are  buried. 

The  Federal  Government  furnishes  headstones  free 
for  all  unmarked  graves  and  the  erection  of  these  head- 
stones is  supervised  by  the  State  of  Illinois.  Personal 
visits  to  and  addresses  before  the  different  Veteran  Or- 
ganizations, as  well  as  the  Convention  of  the  State  Under- 
takers' Association,  have  been  made  for  the  purpose  of 
securing  cooperation  from  all  of  them.  Special 
acknowledgment  is  due  the  American  Legion,  Veterans 
of  Foreign  Wars,  United  Spanish  War  Veterans  and  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  as  well  as  their  Auxiliary 
Organizations,  for  the  number  of  reports  they  have  made 
and  the  material  assistance  they  have  rendered. 

War  Record  Division 

Each  war  has  demonstrated  more  vividly  the  im- 
portance, the  value  and  real  necessity  of  preserving  an 
official  and  authentic  record  of  every  soldier's  service. 
During  the  time  of  war,  records  are  of  necessity  hur- 
riedly written,  and  with  varying  degrees  of  accuracy.  It 
is,  therefore,  the  first  duty  of  a  permanent  War  Record 
Department  to  collect  these  records,  and  second,  to  make 
them  as  nearly  accurate  as  time  and  persistent  effort  can 


368  ILLINOIS 

do.     Such  is  the  purpose  of  the  War  Record  Division, 
maintained  in  the  Military  and  Naval  Department. 

It  is  believed  that  the  veterans  will  be  glad  to  know 
that  there  is  deposited  with  the  records  of  The  Adjutant 
General  of  Illinois,  a  complete  record  of  their  service  and 
that  they  may  obtain,  upon  legitimate  request  to  The 
Adjutant  General,  an  official  certificate  covering  their 
service,  which  will  in  most  instances,  take  place  of  lost 
certificates  of  discharge. 

Memorial  Hall 

Upon  the  completion  of  the  Centennial  Building, 
Memorial  Hall  with  all  of  its  flags,  and  mementos,  was 
moved  from  the  old  Memorial  Hall  in  the  State  House  to 
the  new  one  in  the  Centennial  Building. 

It  was  found  that  the  flags,  particularly  of  the  Civil 
and  Spanish-American  Wars,  were  in  a  bad  state  of 
preservation  and  before  they  could  again  be  displayed,  it 
was  necessary  that  they  should  be  restored. 

This  work  of  restoration  has  been  in  progress  for 
nearly  five  years.  It  will  be  entirely  completed  before 
the  end  of  the  present  calendar  year.  It  is  the  aim  to 
perpetuate  the  service  flags  under  which  Illinois  soldiers 
served,  to  the  limit  of  possibility,  as  an  everlasting  mani- 
festation of  gratitude  and  reverence. 


PROGRESS  369 


Commissions 


DURING  the  administration  of  Governor  Small,  sev- 
eral commissions,  committees  and  other  groups  have 
been  created  for  the  purposes  of  investigation,  spe- 
cial administration,  cooperation  and  similar  objects.  High- 
ly important  tasks  have  been  performed,  some  of  which 
have  been  of  an  emergency  nature  for  the  benefit  of  the 
commonwealth. 

One  of  the  most  important  groups  was  the  Service 
Recognition  Board. 

SERVICE  RECOGNITION  BOARD 

The  proposition  to  compensate  the  World  War 
veterans  of  Illinois,  and  the  beneficiaries  of  deceased 
veterans,  came  before  the  Fifty-second  General  Assembly 
of  Illinois  in  1921.  During  that  session  the  law  provid- 
ing for  compensation  was  enacted  at  Governor  Small's  re- 
quest. It  passed  both  the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives without  a  dissenting  vote,  and  became  a  law 
with  the  Governor's  signature.  Bonds  in  the  amount  of 
$55,000,000.00  were  authorized  to  supply  funds  for  pay- 
ment, and  the  Service  Recognition  Board  was  created  to 
administer  payment, — it  being  given  full  control  of  the 
general  plan  of  procedure.  The  measure  could  not  con- 
stitutionally become  effective  until  it  had  been  approved 
by  the  People  of  Illinois  at  a  referendum.  It  was  ap- 
proved at  the  general  election  of  1922. 

This  decision  of  the  People,  however,  was  not  en- 
tirely conclusive,  there  being  considerable  doubt  as  to  the 
limitations  of  the  law.  In  the  State  of  New  York,  a 
similar  law  had  been  held  unconstitutional.  Bond  experts 
advised  it  would  be  impossible  to  market  the  bonds 
authorized,  until  all  the  points  of  constitutionality  had 
been  definitely  adjudicated  in  the  highest  court  of  the 


370  ILLINOIS 


« 


State.  This  involved  a  test  case  of  appropriate  nature 
to  be  carried  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois.  It  was 
not  for  the  Board  to  secure  this  decision,  so  the  American 
Legion  of  Illinois  instituted  proceedings  in  the  Circuit 
Court  of  Sangamon  County  and  a  hearing  was  had  on 
January  15,  1923 ;  the  Bill  was  dismissed  for  want  of 
equity,  and  an  appeal  was  then  taken  to  the  Supreme 
Court.  On  April  14,  1923,  the  unanimous  decision  of  the 
Supreme  Court  upheld  the  law  and  expressed  the  convic- 
tion that  payment  of  compensation  in  the  form  provided, 
was  not  only  a  lawful  act,  but  a  patriotic  duty. 

The  fact  that  several  months  would  elapse  before 
the  Courts  could  render  a  decision  on  the  validity  of  the 
law,  did  not  prevent  the  Board  from  commencing  opera- 
tions immediately.  The  first  meeting  of  the  Board  was 
held  in  the  office  of  the  Governor  on  December  7,  1922. 
The  first  order  of  business  was,  organization.  Governor 
Small  was  elected  Chairman  of  the  Board,  Mr.  Miller, 
Treasurer,  and  General  Black,  Secretary. 

At  the  outset,  the  Board  adopted  the  policy  of  ex- 
pediting the  administration  of  the  law  to  the  fullest  ex- 
tent. This  was  rendered  quite  difficult  by  the  insistent 
widespread  demand  for  immediate  payment  to  the  300,000 
estimated  beneficiaries  of  the  Act.  Necessary  plans  of 
operation  were  quickly  worked  out.  At  this  first  meeting 
every  possible  step  was  taken  to  initiate  action  in  secur- 
ing a  competent  personnel,  to  assemble  and  train  it  in  the 
detailed  duties  to  perform  the  administrative  work  neces- 
sary to  determine  the  eligibility  of  claims  for  payment. 

Drawing  the  First  Claim  Numbers 

There  was  naturally  a  vast  amount  of  interest  in 
the  order  in  which  applications  would  be  handled.  Pub- 
lic assurance  had  been  given  by  the  Board  that  each  appli- 
cation would  be  given  a  claim  number  based  on  the  time 
of  its  receipt.  Pursuant  to  such  policy,  the  mail  sacks 
received  each  day  were  dated  and  kept  in  order.  To  give 
a  proper  public  understanding  of  the  method  of   pro- 


PROGRESS  371 

» 

cedure,  on  January  24th,  1923,  there  was  held  a  public 
ceremony  for  the  drawing  by  lot  of  the  first  ten  claim 
numbers.  This  ceremony  was  attended  by  the  members  of 
the  Board,  officials  of  the  State,  members  of  the  General 
Assembly  and  the  interested  public.  The  contents  of 
many  hundreds  of  mail  bags  were  made  available,  and 
from  the  thousands  of  applications  received,  the  first  ten 
claims  to  be  numbered  and  filed  were  drawn  in  order  by 
the  following  persons : 

Governor  Len  Small, 

Lieutenant  Governor  Fred  E.  Sterling, 

Senator  Richard  J.  Barr,  President  Pro  Tern,  of  the 
Senate, 

Hon.  David  E.  Shanahan,  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Representatives, 

Mrs.  Alice  Vollentine,  Gold  Star  Mother. 

Lieutenant  Commander  Charles  W.  Schick,  State 
Commander  American  Legion, 

Hon.  Oscar  Nelson,  State  Treasurer,  (who  had 
been  elected  to  succeed  Hon.  Edward  E.  Miller,  whose 
term  expired  January  1st), 

Adjutant  General  Carlos  E.  Black, 

Mr.  Samuel  H.  Myers,  State  Commander — Veterans 
of  Foreign  Wars, 

Master  Donald  Heter,  Son  of  a  deceased  veteran. 

Personnel  and  Organization 

At  the  first  meeting  of  the  Board  a  rule  was  adopted 
to  the  effect  that  all  employees  should  be  Illinois  veterans 
or  heirs  of  deceased  veterans.  There  would  have  been 
the  gravest  difficulty  in  building  the  organization  needed 
by  the  Board  out  of  any  other  group  than  that  of  persons 
who  had  been  in  military  service,  and  who  were  familiar 
with  organization  and  organized  discipline. 

Bond  Sales 
Immediately  after  the  constitutionality  and  validity 
of  the  Bonus  Act  was  affirmed  by  the  Supreme  Court, 
a  resolution  was  passed  by  the  Board  authorizing  the  im- 


372  ILLINOIS 

mediate  sale  of  bonds  to  provide  the  necessary  funds  with 
which  to  make  payment  of  bonus  claims.  It  was  de- 
termined that  bonds  should  be  sold  in  quantities  only  as 
needed,  in  order  that  the  interest  charge  to  the  State 
might  be  kept  at  a  minimum,  and  arrangements  were  made 
authorizing  the  issuance  and  sale  of  bonds  in  the  amounts 
as  shown  below: 

Amount    of    Bond    Issue    authorized    to    be    sold, 
$55,000,000.00. 


First  Sale- 
May  25,  1923,  interest  charge  4%%.  .$10,00 

Second  Sale — 
Aug.  28,  1923,  interest  charge  4%%. 

Third  Sale— 

Oct.  16,  1923,  interest  charge  4%%.. 

Fourth  Sale — 
April  18,  1924,  interest  charge  4%%. 

Fifth  Sale— 

Aug.  15,  1924,  interest  charge  4^4%. 

Sixth  Sale — 
Mar.  23,  1925,  interest  charge  4% . . . 

$100.00  Bonds  paid  to  claimants  direct 


Amount 
Sold 

Premium 
Earned 
on  Sale. 

$10,000,000 

$     8,000.00 

15,000,000 

27,150.00 

.  15,000,000 

124,500.00 

10,000,000 

19,700.00 

3,000,000 

37,530.00 

1,650,000 
:       350,000 

*15,194.00 

$55,000,000     $201,686.00 


*  Below  Par. 


The  net  premium  resulting  from  the  several  sales 
was  $201,686.00,  this  amount  being  made  available  for 
the  payment  of  claims.  The  action  of  the  Board  in  in- 
sisting upon  par  or  better  in  connection  with  these  sales, 
resulted  in  the  payment  of  at  least  1,000  additional  claims. 

Under  the  law  the  last  date  for  filing  claims,  aside 
from  those  provided  in  the  amendment  known  as  House 
Bill  No.  92,  was  December  31,  1924,  and  months  before 
that  the  number  of  claims  being  received,  was  negligible. 
During  the  last  six  weeks  of  the  year,  every  effort  was 
made  by  publicity  to  get  before  the  public  the  limitations 
of  the  statute.    The  last  day  for  filing  brought  in  1,142 


PROGRESS  373 

applications.  The  offices  of  the  Board  were  kept  open 
officially  until  midnight  of  the  31st,  and  claims  received 
before  that  time  were  numbered  in  the  usual  way. 

A  bill  terminating  the  Service  Recognition  Board 
and  delegating  certain  duties  in  connection  with  the  pay- 
ment of  claims  for  compensation,  to  The  Adjutant  Gen- 
eral was  passed  by  the  Legislature.  It  further  provided 
that  all  books,  records  and  documents  of  the  Board  be 
transferred  to  the  custody  of  The  Adjutant  General  for 
safekeeping,  and  for  the  further  administration  of  the 
provisions  of  the  Bonus  Act. 

Administrative  Costs  and  Distribution  of  Credits  of 
the  Soldiers'  Compensation  Fund. 

The  following  exhibits,  it  is  thought,  will  be  self- 
explanatory.  The  amount  paid  to  veterans  and  the  ad- 
ministrative cost  are  well  within  the  reasonable  estimate 
made  at  the  time  the  law  was  enacted  and  the  appropria- 
tions were  made. 

DISTRIBUTION  OP  CREDITS 

Bond    Issue    authorized $55,000,000.00 

Premiums    earned     on     sale    of 
bonds    201,686.00 


Total  credits   $55,201,686.00 

Compensation  paid  to  claimants 55,073,438.50 


Total  unexpended  compensation  fund $      128,247.50 

DISTRIBUTION  OP  EXPENDITURES 
Cost  of  Administration. 

Appropriated    $633,090.00 

Salaries   and   wages $501,689.04 

Travel  and  expense  inci- 
dental thereto   2,277.95 

Postage,  office  supplies 
and  expense   30,614.36 

Printing  of  Bonds  and 
expenses  incidental 
thereto    14,116.13 

Printing  and  Stationery.     20,100.26 


374  ILLINOIS 

Rental  of  Quarters, 
Heat,  Light  and  Tele- 
phone     $17,910.43 

Office   furniture,    repairs 

and     equipment   15,689.31 


Total  administrative  expense..         $602,397.48 


Total   unexpended    $30,692.52 

Compensation  paid  to  claimants...    $55,073,438.50 


Total   expenditures    $55,675,835.98 

SUMMARY 

Number  of  Claims  received 286,643 

Number  of  Claims  approved 267,537 

Number   of   Claims   disallowed 19,106 

Time   of  payment 4  years  3  mo. 

Maximum  payment   $300.00 

Average    payment    $205.81 

Administrative  cost  per  claim $2.10 

Maximum  number  of  employees 160 

Total   administrative    appropriation $633,090.00 

Total  administrative  cost   $602,397.48 

Unexpended $30,692.52 

Total  Bond  Sale   $55,201,686.00 

Compensation  paid  to  claimants $55,073,438.50 

Unexpended     $128,247.50 

Grand   total   expended $55,675,835.98 

Audit  of  Service  Recognition  Board 

After  the  existence  of  the  Service  Recognition  Board 
had  been  terminated  by  law,  the  Auditor  of  Public  Ac- 
counts was  requested  by  the  Board  to  make  a  complete 
and  detailed  audit  of  all  funds  handled  by  the  Board.  It 
was  found  that  "the  records  of  the  Board  were  in  accord 
with  the  records  of  the  Office  of  the  Auditor  of  Public 
Accounts  and  also  with  the  records  in  the  office  of  the 
State  Treasurer." 

In  commenting  upon  the  work  done  by  the  Service 
Recognition  Board,  the  Certified  Public  Accountant  who 
made  the  audit,  stated: 

"In  an  undertaking  of  the  magnitude  of  disbursing 
fifty-five  million  dollars  of  public  funds,  it  becomes  neces- 
sary and  imperative  that  there  must  be  exercised  both 


PROGRESS  375 

correct  interpretation  of  and  strict  adherence  to  the  letter 
and  spirit  of  the  law,  governing  the  particular  appropria- 
tion, and  also  a  carefully  planned  office  system  of  inter- 
nal checks  and  safeguards  for  protection  against  clerical 
errors  or  payments  of  spurious  claims  and  to  enable  the 
handling  of  the  task  with  reasonable  dispatch.  Our  in- 
structions called  for  a  thorough  and  detailed  audit.  We, 
therefore,  examined  all  the  records  and  files  of  the  board 
in  order  to  verify  that  properly  checked  and  approved 
claims  covered  all  disbursements  from  the  fund  and  that 
proper  checks  and  precautions  had  been  taken  against  the 
payments  of  unauthorized  or  fraudulent  claims. 

It  is  our  opinion  that  the  records  and  methods  used 
and  the  final  result  obtained  entitle  the  Service  Recogni- 
tion Board  to  commendation  and  credit  for  a  difficult  task 
well  performed." 

Illinois  Valley  Flood  Control  Commission 

Among  the  important  commissions  resulting  from 
the  Acts  of  the  Fifty-Fifth  General  Assembly  is  that  of 
the  Illinois  Valley  Flood  Control  Commission.  This 
commission  has  for  its  object  a  study  of  the  cause  of 
floods,  which  in  the  past  have  caused  losses  totalling 
many  millions  in  the  Illinois  river  valley,  and  it  is  charged 
with  conferring  and  cooperating  with  other  similar  bod- 
ies or  agencies  and  devising  means  for  flood  control  in 
the  Illinois  River  valley. 

The  commission  is  made  up  of  Director  S.  J.  Stan- 
ard,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Senator  A.  S.  Cuthbert- 
son,  Representative  H.  V.  Teel,  and  A.  T.  Dunn,  the  lat- 
ter a  representative  citizen  of  Beardstown,  which  city  has 
suffered  from  the  floods  in  the  Illinois  river  valley  as  no 
other  city  in  the  State.  William  F.  Mulvihill,  Supervisor 
of  Illinois  Waterway  Construction  is  also  cooperating 
with  the  commission. 

After  much  preliminary  work  the  commission  has 
arranged  to  make  an  exhaustive  study  of  flood  conditions 
in  the  Illinois  river  valley  through  a  tour  of  the  navigable 
portion  of  the  river,  with  public  hearings  at  the  important 


376  ILLINOIS 

centers  in  the  Illinois,  river  valley.  The  commission  has 
also  arranged  conferences  with  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment engineers,  members  of  the  Mississippi  River 
Flood  Commission  and  other  organizations  interested  in 
flood  control  work. 


ILLINOIS  EDUCATIONAL  COMMISSION 

Under  the  provision  of  Senate  Bill,  No.  99,  approved 
June  24,  1921,  there  was  created  for  a  period  of  two 
years,  the  Illinois  Educational  Commission,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  investigating  the  entire  educational  system  of  the 
State,  with  a  view  of  standardization,  unification  and  cor- 
relation of  the  various  efforts,  policies  and  agencies,  and 
to  establish  such  system  and  methods  as  are  in  harmony 
with  the  educational  requirements  of  the  State  and  the 
most  advanced  educational  thought. 

The  Commission  was  directed  to  present  to  the  Fifty- 
Third  General  Assembly  suggestions  on  needed  revision 
of  school  laws ;  to  investigate  inequalities  in  taxation  with 
recommendations  of  how  best  to  meet  this  situation;  to 
consider  means  for  securing  sources  of  revenue  for  school 
purposes  in  addition  to  direct  taxation;  to  investigate  the 
necessity  and  comparative  needs  and  expenditures  for 
elementary  and  higher  education;  to  investigate  the 
proper  functions  of  the  normal  schools ;  to  investigate  the 
present  and  future  needs  of  the  State  University  with  a 
view  of  providing  university  education  for  all  students 
of  the  State  qualified  to  enter  and  desirous  of  entering 
the  University ;  to  consider  the  policy  of  placing  all  of 
the  State's  higher  institutions  of  learning  under  the  man- 
agement of  a  single  controlling  body ;  to  investigate  hous- 
ing conditions  at  the  higher  institutions  of  learning  and 
to  consider  means  of  moral  and  physical,  as  well  as  cul- 
tural development  of  the  students ;  to  establish  a  plan  of 
vocational  education  and  determine  its  place  in  our  edu- 
cational system,  and  to  investigate  any  and  all  other  mat- 
ters that  may  improve  the  educational  policies  and  school 
laws  of  the  State. 


PROGRESS  377 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  Act,  Governor  Len 
Small  was  an  ex  officio  member  of  the  Commission. 
Other  members  were  Hon.  W.  S.  Gray  and  H.  G.  Gib- 
erson,  as  members  of  the  Senate,  Lottie  Holman  O'Neill 
and  G.  J.  Johnson,  as  members  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, and  C.  M.  Thompson,  Dean  of  the  College  of 
Commerce  and  Business  Administration,  University  of 
Illinois,  and  W.  W.  Lewton,  Superintendent  of  the  Cicero 
Public  Schools. 

In  its  work  the  Commission  had  the  able  assistance 
of  more  than  a  score  of  the  leading  educators  of  the  State, 
acting  as  an  advisory  council. 

Investigation  of  the  Commission  developed  the  fact 
that  during  the  thirty-five  years  preceding  the  creation  of 
the  Commission  there  had  been  enacted  no  less  than 
"eight  separate  and  distinct  laws  with  fourteen  amend- 
ments authorizing  the  organization  of  as  many  different 
kinds  of  high  schools,"  and  that  between  1909  and  1922 
the  State  Supreme  Court  was  called  upon  to  determine 
the  legality  of  the  organization  of  high  school  districts 
in  at  least  142  cases. 

The  Commission  found  much  to  the  credit  of  the 
State  in  the  manner  in  which  appropriations  have  been 
made  for  the  enlargement  of  the  institutions  of  learning. 
As  an  illustration,  ij  was  shown,  in  1900  the  total  expen- 
diture for  the  public  schools  was  fifteen  million  dollars, 
while  in  1923  the  State  spent  approximately  one  hundred 
and  fifteen  million  for  the  same  purpose. 

As  a  result  of  the  work  of  the  Commission  many 
recommendations  were  made  which  have  since  been 
adopted,  greatly  to  the  improvement  of  the  school  system 
of  the  State  in  general. 


378  ILLINOIS 

TORNADO  RELIEF 

On  Thursday,  March  19,  1925,  the  morning  after 
the  great  storm  in  Southern  Illinois,  the  following  mes- 
sage from  Governor  Len  Small  was  sent  to  the  Senate, 
then  in  session,  by  George  D.  Sutton,  Secretary  to  the 
Governor : 

Mr.  President— The  Governor  directs  me  to  lay  be- 
fore the  Senate  the  following  communication: 

To  the  members  of  the  Fifty-fourth  General  Assem- 
bly: 

An  appalling  calamity  has  fallen  upon  our  citizens 
in  the  southern  portion  of  the  State,  and  reports  which 
I  am  receiving  frorri  public  and  private  sources  indicate 
widespread  destruction  of  life  and  property  unparalleled 
in  the  history  of  the  State  of  Illinois.  Every  resource  at 
the  disposition  of  the  Executive  will  be  used  to  ameliorate 
the  distressing  conditions  now  existing  as  a  result  of  the 
tornado  which  yesterday  visited  our  southern  counties, 
and  I  commend  the  situation  to  the  careful  consideration 
of  your  Honorable  Body  to  the  end  that  wise  and  effec- 
tive measures  may  be  promptly  authorized  to  relieve  our 
suffering  people. 

Respectfully, 

LEN  SMALL 

A  resolution  was  adopted  by  the  Senate  expressing 
sympathy  for  the  sufferers  and  their  families,  and  recom- 
mending an  adequate  appropriation  for  the  relief  of  the 
people  in  the  stricken  areas.  Investigation  revealed  that 
the  loss  of  life  and  property  was  tremendous.  In  Mur- 
physboro  alone  the  property  damage  was  over  $5,000,000, 
while  the  total  loss  in  the  entire  tornado  district  was  esti- 
mated to  be  approximately  $16,000,000.  The  total  dead 
numbered  nearly  eight  hundred.  The  storm  did  not  dis- 
criminate, both  city  and  rural  districts  suffering  alike. 
In  fact,  in  Hamilton  and  White  counties,  the  rural  com- 
munities bore  the  brunt  of  the  storm.  Farmers  past 
their  prime  saw  the  accumulations  of  a  lifetime  swept 
away  in  three  brief  minutes. 


PROGRESS  379 

From  the  first,  the  State  rendered  invaluable  service. 
Governor  Small  and  the  Committee  appointed  by  the 
House  and  the  Senate  made  a  personal  survey  of  the  tor- 
nado district,  to  determine  just  how  the  State  could  fur- 
nish most  effective  aid.  Military  forces  in  charge  of  the 
Adjutant  General  furnished  medical  aid,  maintained 
order,  and  provided  tents  for  the  homeless.  The  Divi- 
sion of  Highways  sent  trucks  to  haul  supplies  and  remove 
debris.  The  Department  of  insurance  opened  offices  and 
considered  claims  for  property  adjustment.  The  Depart- 
ment of  Public  Health  assumed  supervision  of  the  water 
supply  and  sanitation,  instituting  measures  to  prevent  the 
spread  of  disease.  On  March  25,  the  Department  of 
Public  Welfare  sent  a  force  of  forty-five  to  gather  de- 
tailed information  and  compile  data  for  permanent 
records.  The  personnel  included  department  officials, 
field  workers,  interpreters,  clerks,  and  stenographers. 

The  emergency  relief  appropriation  made  by  the 
Legislature  was  $500,000.  Later  an  additional  appro- 
priation of  $275,000  was  allotted  to  the  Department  of 
Purchases  and  Construction  "for  the  purpose  of  repair- 
ing, rebuilding,  and  restoring  public  school  buildings, 
equipment,  and  other  school  property  injured,  damaged 
or  destroyed  by  the  tornado."  Twenty-one  buildings 
were  rebuilt  or  repaired  under  the  supervision  of  the 
State  Architect's  office. 

In  addition  to  the  valuable  aid  given  by  the  State  in 
emergency  relief,  the  survivors  themselves  and  their 
Southern  Illinois  neighbors  must  be  accorded  their  right- 
ful share  of  praise,  for  the  spirit  that  prevailed  through- 
out the  devastated  area  was  one  deserving  highest  com- 
mendation. Undaunted  by  their  harrowing  experience, 
they  worked  for  days  without  thought  of  food  or  rest, 
helping  to  recover  the  dead  and  alleviating  the  suffering 
of  the  injured  as  best  they  could.  Many  incidents  of 
heroism  were  recorded. 

In  the  work  of  reconstruction  and  rehabilitation,  the 
entire  nation  seemed  to  have  loosened  its  purse  strings, 
and    for  the   outside   aid    so   generously  and  voluntarily 


380  ILLINOIS 

given,  the  State  of  Illinois  extends  its  proudest  thanks,  in 
behalf  of  the  grateful  people  of  the  storm  region — a  re- 
gion now  restored  from  ruin  and  desolation  to  beauty  and 
prosperity. 


RELIEF— CYCLONE  SUFFERERS 

A  cyclone  of  wide  area,  but  not  nearly  so  destructive 
in  life  and  property  as  the  storm  that  devastated  a  large 
portion  of  Southern  Illinois  in  the  spring  of  1925,  swept 
across  Carroll,  Greene,  Sangamon,  DeWitt,  Logan, 
Macoupin,  and  McLean  counties  on  April  19,  1927. 

This  was  the  storm  in  which  Miss  Annie  Louise 
Keller,  of  White  Hall,  teacher  of  the  Centerville  school, 
near  Carrollton,  in  Greene  county,  by  great  presence  of 
mind,  saved  the  lives  of  her  eighteen  pupils,  and  in  doing 
so  lost  her  own,  by  an  act  of  heroism  that  attracted  state- 
wide attention  and  drew  forth  resolutions  of  respect  from 
the  Illinois  Legislature.  Her  memory  is  perpetuated  by 
a  monument  erected  in  her  honor  at  White  Hall  by  those 
among  whom  she  lived  and  others  throughout  the  State. 

The  Senate  approved  a  Bill  providing  for  the  crea- 
tion of  a  Committee  to  be  appointed  from  the  members  of 
the  House  and  Senate  by  the  Governor,  to  furnish  tem- 
porary and  immediate  relief  to  the  area  visited  by  the 
cyclone.  Adequate  appropriation  was  made  and  ex- 
pended in  extending  relief  to  families  and  individuals, 
many  of  whom  had  lost  all  they  possessed. 

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL  COMMISSION 

Of  the  various  organizations  functioning  under  Gov- 
ernor Small's  guidance,  The  Illinois  Sesqui-Centennial 
Commission,  which  created  the  State's  magnificent  build- 
ing and  display  at  the  Philadelphia  Sesqui-Centennial 
International  Exposition  in  1926.  wrought  exceedingly 
well. 


PROGRESS 


381 


Replica    of    St.    Gauden's    statue    of    Abraham    Lincoln,    Illinois 

Building,  Sesqui-Centennial  Exposition,  Philadelphia.     The 

Illinois    Building    was    awarded     the     certificate     of 

highest    merit    in    competition    with    buildings 

representing  the  other  states  of  the  Union 


Of  the  $150,000  appropriated  for  the  expenses  of 
the  Commission  and  its  work,  slightly  more  than  $50,000 
was  returned  to  the  State  treasury  unspent. 

A  statue  of  Abraham  Lincoln  in  a  specially  con- 
structed  rotunda   was   a    feature   of   both   building  and 


382  ILLINOIS 

display.  More  than  120,000  visitors  from  all  over  the 
United  States  and  the  world  signed  the  registry  book  at 
the  building.  Countless  other  persons  visited  the  building. 
For  its  "Official  Building  and  Generous  Participa- 
tion," the  Exposition's  grand  prize  certificate  of  award 
was  given.  The  agricultural  exhibit,  composed  of  dis- 
plays of  small  grains  and  other  agrarian  products  of  the 
State,  was  awarded  the  first  prize  gold  medal  for  agricul- 
tural exhibits. 


